scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum in Neonatal Dairy Calves in Xinjiang, China

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Yayun Wu ◽  
Kuankuan Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Bo Jing ◽  
Yuancai Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene

Cryptosporidium parvum has been identified as a major cause of diarrhea and diarrhea-associated deaths in young children and neonatal calves. Infections can remain asymptomatic but may lead to malnutrition and persistent growth retardation. To assess the relationship between C. parvum genetic diversity and pathogenicity in neonatal dairy calves and determine the cause of diarrhea among these calves, 232 fecal samples from neonatal dairy calves on 12 farms in Xinjiang, China, were characterized for Cryptosporidium presence based on the small subunit rRNA gene. The Cryptosporidium prevalence was 38.4% (89/232), and three species were detected with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, including C. parvum (the significantly dominant species), C. ryanae, and C. bovis. Cryptosporidium prevalence was significantly higher in neonatal dairy calves with diarrhea (52.6%, 51/97) than in calves without diarrhea (28.1%, 38/135). All C. parvum-positive samples were analyzed based on the 60 KDa glycoprotein gene, and IIdA15G1, IIdA20G1, IIdA14G1, and IIdA19G1 were successfully subtyped. These data indicate that C. parvum may be a major contributor to diarrheal disease in neonatal dairy calves, and C. parvum subtypes from neonatal dairy calves in Xinjiang exhibited high genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 891-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Xiao ◽  
Una M. Ryan ◽  
Thaddeus K. Graczyk ◽  
Josef Limor ◽  
Lixia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna Gene ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in reptiles was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. A total of 123 samples were analyzed, of which 48 snake samples, 24 lizard samples, and 3 tortoise samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Nine different types of Cryptosporidium were found, including Cryptosporidium serpentis, Cryptosporidium desert monitor genotype, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum bovine and mouse genotypes, one C. serpentis-like parasite in a lizard, two new Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes, and one new Cryptosporidium sp. in tortoises. C. serpentis and the desert monitor genotype were the most common parasites and were found in both snakes and lizards, whereas the C. muris and C. parvum parasites detected were probably the result of ingestion of infected rodents. Sequence and biologic characterizations indicated that the desert monitor genotype was Cryptosporidium saurophilum. Two host-adapted C. serpentis genotypes were found in snakes and lizards.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal calves in Xinjiang, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuankuan Zhang ◽  
Yayun Wu ◽  
Zilin Wei ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Bo Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gp60 Gene ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Neonatal Calves

Abstract Background The Cryptosporidium causes infection in wide spectrum of vertebrate hosts and is well known for leading to diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illness. To assess Cryptosporidium genetic diversity in neonatal calves and probe the cause for diarrhea of them, a total of 232 fecal samples from neonatal calves in 12 farms in Xinjiang were characterized for the presence of Cryptosporidium .Results The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 38.4% (89/232), and three species were detected with SSU rRNA gene, including C. parvum (n = 88), C. ryanae (n = 9), and C. bovis (n = 1). Prevalence of C . parvum neonatal calves with diarrhea (52.6%, 51/97) was significantly higher than calves without diarrhea (28.1%, 38/135). All the C . parvum -positive samples were analyzed based on gp60 gene, IIdA15G1 (n = 35), IIdA20G1 (n = 21), IIdA14G1 (n = 17), and IIdA19G1 (n = 13) were successfully subtyped in this study.Conclusions These data indicated that C . parvum was a major contributor in diarrheal disease in neonatal calves, and C . parvum subtypes from neonatal calves in Xinjiang were high genetic diversity. Additionally, our findings implicating neonatal calves could be a potential source of human Cryptosporidium infection and provide further evidence for the uniqueness of C . parvum IId subtypes in cattle in China.

scholarly journals Seasonal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species and genetic diversity in neonatal dairy calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayun Wu ◽  
Kuankuan Zhang ◽  
Bo Jing ◽  
Chunyan Xu ◽  
Yuancai Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Seasonal Monitoring

Abstract Background: Neonatal dairy calves infected with Cryptosporidium can possess a significant source of zoonotic infections and disease. To assess seasonal variations in the prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in neonatal dairy calves, 380 fecal samples from neonatal dairy calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang (Alaer and Wensu) were screened for the Cryptosporidium small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 48.7% (185/380): 48.6% (108/222) in Alaer and 48.7% (77/158) in Wensu. Cryptosporidium was most frequent in summer (56.8%, 54/95), followed by spring (50.0%, 44/88), winter (46.8%, 44/94), and autumn (41.7%, 43/103) (P > 0.05). Cryptosporidium was significantly more prevalent in calves with diarrhea (72.4%, 113/156) than in those without (32.1%, 72/224) (P < 0.01). Based on a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, C. parvum (n = 173), C. bovis (n = 7), C. ryanae (n = 3), and co-infections of the three species (n = 2) were identified. Most (172/175) C. parvum samples were successfully sequenced at the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60), revealing two zoonotic subtypes: IIdA14G1 (n = 94) and IIdA15G1 (n = 7) in Alaer and IIdA15G1 (n = 71) in Wensu.Conclusions: These results showed that neonatal dairy calves were commonly infected with Cryptosporidium throughout the year, and there was a significant association between the occurrence of diarrhea and Cryptosporidium infection. Presence of IIdA14G1 and IIdA15G1 indicated neonatal dairy calves may be a source of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes.

scholarly journals High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Marianne Lebbad ◽  
Jadwiga Winiecka-Krusnell ◽  
Christen Rune Stensvold ◽  
Jessica Beser
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
High Diversity

The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype VIc) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.

scholarly journals Study of Genetic Diversity of Eukaryotic Picoplankton in Different Oceanic Regions by Small-Subunit rRNA Gene Cloning and Sequencing

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2932-2941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Dı́ez ◽  
Carlos Pedr�s-Ali� ◽  
Ramon Massana
Keyword(s):  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
18S Rrna Genes ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT Very small eukaryotic organisms (picoeukaryotes) are fundamental components of marine planktonic systems, often accounting for a significant fraction of the biomass and activity in a system. Their identity, however, has remained elusive, since the small cells lack morphological features for identification. We determined the diversity of marine picoeukaryotes by sequencing cloned 18S rRNA genes in five genetic libraries from North Atlantic, Southern Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea surface waters. Picoplankton were obtained by filter size fractionation, a step that excluded most large eukaryotes and recovered most picoeukaryotes. Genetic libraries of eukaryotic ribosomal DNA were screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and at least one clone of each operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was partially sequenced. In general, the phylogenetic diversity in each library was rather great, and each library included many different OTUs and members of very distantly related phylogenetic groups. Of 225 eukaryotic clones, 126 were affiliated with algal classes, especially the Prasinophyceae, the Prymnesiophyceae, the Bacillariophyceae, and the Dinophyceae. A minor fraction (27 clones) was affiliated with clearly heterotrophic organisms, such as ciliates, the chrysomonad Paraphysomonas, cercomonads, and fungi. There were two relatively abundant novel lineages, novel stramenopiles (53 clones) and novel alveolates (19 clones). These lineages are very different from any organism that has been isolated, suggesting that there are previously unknown picoeukaryotes. Prasinophytes and novel stramenopile clones were very abundant in all of the libraries analyzed. These findings underscore the importance of attempts to grow the small eukaryotic plankton in pure culture.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Archaea in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Environments

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 1285-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Takai ◽  
Koki Horikoshi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Abstract Molecular phylogenetic analysis of naturally occurring archaeal communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments was carried out by PCR-mediated small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequencing. As determined through partial sequencing of rDNA clones amplified with archaea-specific primers, the archaeal populations in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments showed a great genetic diversity, and most members of these populations appeared to be uncultivated and unidentified organisms. In the phylogenetic analysis, a number of rDNA sequences obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were placed in deep lineages of the crenarchaeotic phylum prior to the divergence of cultivated thermophilic members of the crenarchaeota or between thermophilic members of the euryarchaeota and members of the methanogen-halophile clade. Whole cell in situ hybridization analysis suggested that some microorganisms of novel phylotypes predicted by molecular phylogenetic analysis were likely present in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. These findings expand our view of the genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments and of the phylogenetic organization of archaea.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Subtypes of Blastocystis in Alpacas, Vicugna pacos in Shanxi Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye-Ting Ma ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Shi-Chen Xie ◽  
Xiao-Dong Li ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
And Gender

<i>Blastocystis</i>, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. Animals harboring certain <i>Blastocystis</i> subtypes (STs) may serve as a potential source of human infection. However, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas is limited. In the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China, were examined for <i>Blastocystis</i> by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas was 23.8%, and gender difference in the prevalence of <i>Blastocystis</i>was observed. The most predominant <i>Blastocystis</i> ST was ST10, followed by ST14 and ST5. The detection of ST5, a potentially zoonotic genotype, indicates that alpacas harboring ST5 could be a potential source of human infection with <i>Blastocystis</i>. These data provide new insight into the prevalence and genetic diversity of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and Related Cryptosporidium Species

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 3386-3391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Xiao ◽  
Una M. Morgan ◽  
Josef Limor ◽  
Ananias Escalante ◽  
Michael Arrowood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Rrna Sequences

ABSTRACT To assess the genetic diversity in Cryptosporidium parvum, we have sequenced the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of seven Cryptosporidium spp., various isolates of C. parvum from eight hosts, and a Cryptosporidiumisolate from a desert monitor. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA sequences confirmed the multispecies nature of the genusCryptosporidium, with at least four distinct species (C. parvum, C. baileyi, C. muris, and C. serpentis). Other species previously defined by biologic characteristics, including C. wrairi, C. meleagridis, and C. felis, and the desert monitor isolate, clustered together or within C. parvum. Extensive genetic diversities were present among C. parvum isolates from humans, calves, pigs, dogs, mice, ferrets, marsupials, and a monkey. In general, specific genotypes were associated with specific host species. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique previously developed by us could differentiate mostCryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum genotypes, but sequence analysis of the PCR product was needed to differentiateC. wrairi and C. meleagridis from some of theC. parvum genotypes. These results indicate a need for revision in the taxonomy and assessment of the zoonotic potential of some animal C. parvum isolates.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Wildlife from a New York Watershed

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6475-6483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyu Feng ◽  
Kerri A. Alderisio ◽  
Wenli Yang ◽  
Lisa A. Blancero ◽  
William G. Kuhne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Animal Hosts

ABSTRACT To identify the animal sources for Cryptosporidium contamination, we genotyped Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife from the watershed of the New York City drinking water supply, using a small-subunit rRNA gene-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 541 specimens from 38 species of wildlife were analyzed. One hundred and eleven (20.5%) of the wildlife specimens were PCR positive. Altogether, 21 Cryptosporidium genotypes were found in wildlife samples, 11 of which were previously found in storm runoff in the watershed, and six of these 11 were from storm water genotypes of unknown animal origin. Four new genotypes were found, and the animal hosts for four storm water genotypes were expanded. With the exception of the cervine genotype, most genotypes were found in a limited number of animal species and have no major public health significance.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium cuniculus from Rabbits in Egypt

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Doaa Naguib ◽  
Dawn M. Roellig ◽  
Nagah Arafat ◽  
Lihua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna Gene ◽  
Pcr Rflp

Rabbits are increasingly farmed in Egypt for meat. They are, however, known reservoirs of infectious pathogens. Currently, no information is available on the genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in rabbits in Egypt. To understand the prevalence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. in these animals, 235 fecal samples were collected from rabbits of different ages on nine farms in El-Dakahlia, El-Gharbia, and Damietta Provinces, Egypt during the period from July 2015 to April 2016. PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene was used to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. The overall detection rate was 11.9% (28/235). All 28 samples were identified as Cryptosporidium cuniculus. The 16 samples successfully subtyped by the sequence analysis of the partial 60 kDa glycoprotein gene belonged to two subtypes, VbA19 (n = 1) and VbA33 (n = 15). As C. cuniculus is increasingly recognized as a cause of human cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium spp. in rabbits from Egypt have zoonotic potential.

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