Cross-genera amplification and identification of Colpodella sp. with Cryptosporidium primers in fecal samples of zoo felids from northeast China

The protozoans include many intracellular human pathogens. Accurate detection of these pathogens is necessary to treat the diseases. In clinical epidemiology, molecular identification of protozoan is considered a more reliable and rapid method for identification than microscopy. Among these protozoans, Cryptosporidium considered being one of the important water-borne zoonotic pathogens and a major cause of a diarrheal disease named cryptosporidiosis in humans, domestic animals, and wild animals. This study was aimed to identify Cryptosporidium in zoo felids (N= 56) belonging to different zoo of China, but accidentlly Colpodella was encountered in the zoo felids sample and phylogenetic data confirmed this unexpected amplification from fecal samples using two-step nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the fact about the specific primers used previously by many researchers and cross-genera amplification. We came to know that genetically sequenced amplicon gives more accurate identification of species. This study suggests more investigation on Colpodella which has been neglected previously but gains the attention of researchers after identified from humans and animals and has been known to correlate with neurological symptoms in patients.

Spatial disparities and associated factors of Under-five diarrhea disease in Ilubabor Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Diarrhea is commonly a sign of an infection in the intestinal tract that is caused by different bacteria, virus and parasitic entities. It is one of the leading causes of child mortality worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to identify spatial disparities and associated factors of under- five diarrhea disease in Ilubabor zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. The study has been conducted in Ilu Aba Bor zone of entire districts and the data is basically both primary and secondary which were obtained from each woreda health office of Ilu Aba Bor zone and corresponding mother or care givers of sampled child. Spatial disparities of under-five diarrhea were identified using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation. Geo-additive regression model was used to identify the spatial disparities and associated factors of under-five diarrheal disease. The value of global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation shows that under-five diarrheal disease varies according to geographical location and shows significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The results of Geo-additive regression model showed that statistically significant relationship between under-five diarrhea disease and independent variables .There is evidence of significant under-five diarrheal disease clustering in Ilu Aba Bor zone, southwest Ethiopia. Model based data analysis showed that there is significant relationship between Under-five diarrhea and covariates (mother’s age, mother’s education, source of drinking water, quality of toilet facility, DPT 3 vaccination, Polio 3 vaccination and household wealth index.).

Identification of vaccine and drug targets in Shigella dysenteriae sd197 using reverse vaccinology approach

Shigellosis is characterized as diarrheal disease that causes a high mortality rate especially in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. More recently, the World Health Organization advised safe vaccine designing against shigellosis due to the emergence of Shigella dysenteriae resistant strains. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify novel drug targets as well as the design of the potential vaccine candidates and chimeric vaccine models against Shigella dysenteriae. A computational based Reverse Vaccinology along with subtractive genomics analysis is one of the robust approaches used for the prioritization of drug targets and vaccine candidates through direct screening of genome sequence assemblies. Herein, a successfully designed peptide-based novel highly antigenic chimeric vaccine candidate against Shigella dysenteriae sd197 strain is proposed. The study resulted in six epitopes from outer membrane WP_000188255.1 (Fe (3+) dicitrate transport protein FecA) that ultimately leads to the construction of twelve vaccine models. Moreover, V9 construct was found to be highly immunogenic, non-toxic, non-allergenic, highly antigenic, and most stable in terms of molecular docking and simulation studies against six HLAs and TLRS/MD complex. So far, this protein and multiepitope have never been characterized as vaccine targets against Shigella dysenteriae. The current study proposed that V9 could be a significant vaccine candidate against shigellosis and to ascertain that further experiments may be applied by the scientific community focused on shigellosis.

Cryptosporidium parvum Pyruvate Kinase Inhibitors With in vivo Anti-cryptosporidial Efficacy

Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. Thus far, the moderately effective nitazoxanide is the only drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent humans. However, no effective drug exists for the severe disease seen in young children, immunocompromised individuals and neonatal livestock. C. parvum lacks the Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation steps, making it dependent solely on glycolysis for metabolic energy production. Within its glycolytic pathway, C. parvum possesses two unique enzymes, the bacterial-type lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH) and the plant-like pyruvate kinase (CpPyK), that catalyze two sequential steps for generation of essential metabolic energy. We have previously reported that inhibitors of CpLDH are effective against C. parvum, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we developed an in vitro assay for the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpPyK protein and used it to screen a chemical compound library for inhibitors of CpPyK’s activity. The identified inhibitors were tested (at non-toxic concentrations) for efficacy against C. parvum using in vitro assays, and an in vivo mouse infection model. We identified six CpPyK inhibitors that blocked in vitro growth and proliferation of C. parvum at low micromolar concentrations (EC50 values ranging from 10.29 to 86.01 μM) that were non-toxic to host cells. Among those six compounds, two (NSC252172 and NSC234945) were found to be highly efficacious against cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, with very significant reduction in parasite load and amelioration of intestinal pathologies. Together, these findings have unveiled inhibitors for an essential molecular target in C. parvum and demonstrated their efficacy against the parasite in vitro and in vivo. These inhibitors are, therefore, potential lead-compounds for developing efficacious treatments for cryptosporidiosis.

Waterborne Diseases Arising From Climate Change

As a result of increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, increased floods and droughts, change in climate will affect biological, physical, and chemical components of water through different paths thus enhancing the risk of waterborne diseases. Identifying the role of weather in waterborne infection is a priority public health research issue as climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation and temperature events. This chapter provides evidence that precipitation and temperature can affect directly or indirectly water quality and consequently affect the health human. This chapter also highlights the complex relationship between precipitation or temperature and transmission of waterborne disease such as diarrheal disease, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and cholera.

Hubungan Sanitasi Lingkungan dengan Stunting pada Anak Balita di Daerah Pesisir Pantai Puskesmas Tumalehu Tahun 2020

Poor environmental sanitation will result in diarrheal disease which will later lead to infection and thus lead to malnutrition. In Indonesia, it is recorded that 7.8 million out of 23 million children under five are stunted or around 35.6%. Based on the Tumalehu Health Center report (November 2019), it shows that in 2019 the number of children under five was 1467 and those with poor nutritional status were 89 children (6.07%). The research objective was to analyze the relationship between environmental sanitation and stunting in children under five in the coastal area of Tumalehu Health Center. This research method is analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach, the number of samples is 313 toddlers. Data were analyzed using Chi Square Test. The results of the study using a bivariate test showed that there was a relationship between environmental sanitation, consisting of clean water facilities (p=0.014), SPAL (p=0.05) and waste disposal facilities (p=0.00) with the incidence of stunting (HAZ) in toddler. The conclusion from the research is that poor sanitation can contribute to nutritional problems, in this case a picture of past nutrition problems for children under five, which is indicated by stunting.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Jemaah Mesjid Ulil Amri Tentang Pencegahan Dan Penanganan Diare Di Tingkat Rumah Tangga

Diarrhea can be prevented in various ways, including treating patients, providing health education about hygiene, and personal and environmental hygiene including water sources, trash cans, and disposal of feces. One of the efforts to prevent diarrheal disease is to provide counseling on diarrheal diseases. The selection of community service locations in Manggala Village, Manggala District, Makassar City, especially the Ulil Amri mosque congregation because the community, especially mothers do not have sufficient knowledge about proper hand washing, people who are not used to it. washing hands in every activity, and the community still lacks knowledge about diarrheal disease, its handling and prevention. Counseling in the context of community service is important because it can communicate information and materials about the dangers and possibilities of preventing diarrheal disease and protecting oneself, the community, and the environment from the spread of disease. Increasing public knowledge through counseling and demonstrations has shown very good results. The community was very enthusiastic about the material provided, the community was active in the question and answer session by seeing the many questions, opinions and experiences they issued that could be used to prevent and overcome diarrheal diseases and maintain environmental health.

Relationship between Housewife Behavior in Using Clean Water and Diarrhea in Toddlers (0-59 Months) at Sukamulya Public Health Center, Singkup District, Ketapang Regency

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five. Some of the causes of disease are clean water and disposal of feces, both of which are influenced by human behavior. This research is research using the observational method with a case-control study design. The samples taken in this study were toddlers (0-59 months) who suffered from diarrhea and the houses around the patients who did not have diarrhea. The data used in this study is secondary data from related agencies and primary data obtained from interviews and observations. From the survey results, 31.1% suffer from diarrhea, and 68.9% are not sick. Then from the bivariate results with X2 5% analysis received four variables that are not related to diarrheal disease in toddlers, namely the variable of using clean water sources (0.297), behavior variable choosing clean water (0.227), behavior variable transporting clean water (1,000), behavioral variable using clean water (0.073) and one related variable, namely the variable protecting clean water (0.021).

Occurrence of Diarrheal diseases among under-five children and associated socio-demographic and household environmental factors: An Investigation Based on National Family Health Survey-4 in Rural India

Background: Diarrheal disease is a major population health problem that is the leading reason for mortality and morbidity among children aged 0-59 months in rural India. Therefore, the rationale of this study was to identify the socio-demographic, environmental predictors associated with diarrhea among under-five children in rural India. Methods: A total of 188,521 living children (0-59 months) were utilized from the National Family Health Survey-4, 2015–2016. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis was carried out from the available NFHS-4 data for selected socio-demographic and environmental predictors to identify the relationship of occurrence of diarrhea using STATA 13.1. Results: In rural India, children aged 12-23 months [AOR: 0.897, 95% CI (0.876, 0.983)], 24-35 months [AOR: 0.579, 95% CI (0.543, 0.617)], 36-47 months [AOR: 0.394, 95% CI (0.367, 0.424)], 48-59 months [AOR: 0.313, 95% CI (0.289, 0.339)] were significantly less likely to suffer diarrheal disease. Female children [AOR: 0.897, 95% CI (0.859, 0.937)], children belonged to Scheduled Tribe [AOR: 0.811, 95% CI (0.755, 0.872)], Other Backward Classes [AOR: 0.902, 95% CI (0.851, 0.956)] were less likelihood to experience diarrhea significantly. Diarrhea disease was also significantly more likely to occur among Muslim children [AOR: 1.217, 95% CI (1.128, 1.313)], other religion [AOR: 1.163, 95% CI (1.062, 1.272)] children in central region [AOR: 1.510, 95% CI (1.410, 1.617)], east region [AOR: 1.077, 95% CI (1.002, 1.157)], and west region [AOR: 1.201, 95% CI (1.095, 1.317)], children with low birth weight [AOR: 1.135, 95% CI (1.074, 1.149)], undernourished [AOR: 1.097, 95% CI (1.038, 1.197)], improper stool disposal [AOR: 1.061, 95% CI (1.002, 1.124)], and rudimentary roof materials [AOR: 1.113, 95% CI (1.048, 1.182)]. Conclusions: In the rural part of India, diarrhea has occurred frequently now. The different socio-demographic and environmental factors are influencing this disease. For reducing the vulnerability of diarrhea the socio-demographic and environmental factors should be improved or monitoring by effective community education. The government and different NGOs should focus on improved drinking water sources, sanitation facility which may reduce the vulnerability of the disease.