scholarly journals Ethylene is Involved in Symptom Development and Ribosomal Stress of Tomato Plants upon Citrus Exocortis Viroid Infection

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Francisco Vázquez Prol ◽  
M. Pilar López-Gresa ◽  
Ismael Rodrigo ◽  
José María Bellés ◽  
Purificación Lisón
Keyword(s):  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Ribosomal Stress

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) is known to cause different symptoms in citrus trees, and its mechanism of infection has been studied in tomato as an experimental host, producing ribosomal stress on these plants. Some of the symptoms caused by CEVd in tomato plants resemble those produced by the phytohormone ethylene. The present study is focused on elucidating the relationship between CEVd infection and ethylene on disease development. To this purpose, the ethylene insensitive Never ripe (Nr) tomato mutants were infected with CEVd, and several aspects such as susceptibility to infection, defensive response, ethylene biosynthesis and ribosomal stress were studied. Phenotypic characterization revealed higher susceptibility to CEVd in these mutants, which correlated with higher expression levels of both defense and ethylene biosynthesis genes, as well as the ribosomal stress marker SlNAC082. In addition, Northern blotting revealed compromised ribosome biogenesis in all CEVd infected plants, particularly in Nr mutants. Our results indicate a higher ethylene biosynthesis in Nr mutants and suggest an important role of this phytohormone in disease development and ribosomal stress caused by viroid infection.

scholarly journals Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (16) ◽  
pp. 8649-8661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Cottilli ◽  
Borja Belda-Palazón ◽  
Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama ◽  
Jean-Pierre Perreault ◽  
Enrico Schleiff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Translation Machinery ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
40S Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Stress Mediator ◽  
Ribosomal Stress

Abstract Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress.

scholarly journals Effect of Benzothiadiazole on the Metabolome of Tomato Plants Infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Pilar López-Gresa ◽  
Celia Payá ◽  
Ismael Rodrigo ◽  
José María Bellés ◽  
Susana Barceló ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Infected Tomato

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) is a functional analogue of the phytohormone salycilic acid (SA) involved in the plant immune response. NahG tomato plants are unable to accumulate SA, which makes them hypersusceptible to several pathogens. Treatments with BTH increase the resistance to bacterial, fungal, viroid, or viral infections. In this study, metabolic alterations in BTH-treated Money Maker and NahG tomato plants infected by citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using multivariate data analysis, we have identified defence metabolites induced after viroid infection and BTH-treatment. Glycosylated phenolic compounds include gentisic and ferulic acid accumulated in CEVd-infected tomato plants, as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartate, glutamate, and asparagine. Besides, an increase of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, adenosine, and trigonelline, contributed to a clear discrimination between the metabolome of BTH-treated tomato leaves and their corresponding controls. Among them, GABA was the only metabolite significantly accumulated in both genotypes after the chemical treatment. In view of these results, the addition of GABA was performed on tomato plants infected by CEVd, and a reversion of the NahG hypersusceptibility to CEVd was observed, indicating that GABA could regulate the resistance to CEVd induced by BTH.

A UV-light activated cinnamic acid isomer regulates plant growth and gravitropism via an ethylene receptor-independent pathway

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Xian Yang ◽  
Hiu Wan Choi ◽  
Shang Fa Yang ◽  
Ning Li
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Receptor ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Naturally occurring cinnamic acids (CA) exist in both trans- and cis-isoforms. UV-light irradiation of trans-CA is able to produce cis-CA. cis-CA was found to possess auxin-like activity before. In contrast, the vapor of cis-CA induced an epinastic response in tomato plants just as ethylene does. Given the existence of a double bond in and the gaseous nature of cis-CA, we suspected that cis-CA might also function as an ethylene-like compound. To distinguish between these possibilities, we selected an ethylene perception-deficient tomato plant, Never-ripe (Nr), and an ethylene biosynthesis-deficient tomato plant, A11. Not only did the vapor of cis-CA fail to trigger A11 tomato fruit ripening but it also delayed the ripening of banana fruit. Moreover, the vapor of cis-CA induced epinasty and the ‘triple response’ in both the wild type and Nr tomato plants, indicating that the vapor of cis-CA does not act via an ethylene receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, the vapor of cis-CA inhibited the negative gravitropic response of stems of both etiolated Nr seedlings and young plants, whereas ethylene had little effect on the negative gravitropism of the Nr plants. These results support the conclusion that the action sites of the vapor of cis-CA and ethylene are fundamentally different.

Some factors affecting the development and biocontrol of cotton seedling disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Ogle ◽  
AM Stirling ◽  
PJ Dart
Keyword(s):  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The effects of temperature and cultivar on disease development in cotton were investigated in addition to the duration of susceptibility to infection and the timing of infection by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. Symptom development was also monitored. Disease was more severe at day/night temperature regimes of 20/15, 25/20, and 30/25�C than at 35/30�C. Disease development differed significantly between cotton cvv. Deltapine 90 and Siokra 1-4 at 30/25�C and 35/30�C. In glasshouse trials in field soil, both R. solani and P ultimum were isolated from seeds as early as 2 h after inoculation, although most seeds were not infected with P. ultimum until 10 h after inoculation and with R. solani until 24 h after inoculation. Increasing the duration of exposure to inoculum increased the number of seeds infected and reduced the number of plants surviving. Seedlings were resistant to P. ultimum infection by 14 days after sowing but were not resistant to infection by R. solani until 28 days after sowing.

scholarly journals Characterization of small RNAs derived from Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) in infected tomato plants

Virology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 367 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Martín ◽  
Catalina Arenas ◽  
José-Antonio Daròs ◽  
Alejandra Covarrubias ◽  
José Luis Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Infected Tomato
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