A UV-light activated cinnamic acid isomer regulates plant growth and gravitropism via an ethylene receptor-independent pathway

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Xian Yang ◽  
Hiu Wan Choi ◽  
Shang Fa Yang ◽  
Ning Li
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Receptor ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Naturally occurring cinnamic acids (CA) exist in both trans- and cis-isoforms. UV-light irradiation of trans-CA is able to produce cis-CA. cis-CA was found to possess auxin-like activity before. In contrast, the vapor of cis-CA induced an epinastic response in tomato plants just as ethylene does. Given the existence of a double bond in and the gaseous nature of cis-CA, we suspected that cis-CA might also function as an ethylene-like compound. To distinguish between these possibilities, we selected an ethylene perception-deficient tomato plant, Never-ripe (Nr), and an ethylene biosynthesis-deficient tomato plant, A11. Not only did the vapor of cis-CA fail to trigger A11 tomato fruit ripening but it also delayed the ripening of banana fruit. Moreover, the vapor of cis-CA induced epinasty and the ‘triple response’ in both the wild type and Nr tomato plants, indicating that the vapor of cis-CA does not act via an ethylene receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, the vapor of cis-CA inhibited the negative gravitropic response of stems of both etiolated Nr seedlings and young plants, whereas ethylene had little effect on the negative gravitropism of the Nr plants. These results support the conclusion that the action sites of the vapor of cis-CA and ethylene are fundamentally different.

scholarly journals Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3560-3574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Zhongqi Fan ◽  
Xiaodan Zhao ◽  
Yiping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Pectate Lyase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract The tomato non-ripening (nor) mutant generates a truncated 186-amino-acid protein (NOR186) and has been demonstrated previously to be a gain-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view and answer the open question of whether the NAC-NOR gene is important in fruit ripening. Overexpression of NAC-NOR in the nor mutant did not restore the full ripening phenotype. Further analysis showed that the truncated NOR186 protein is located in the nucleus and binds to but does not activate the promoters of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase2 (SlACS2), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2 (SlGgpps2), and pectate lyase (SlPL), which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening, respectively. The activation of the promoters by the wild-type NOR protein can be inhibited by the mutant NOR186 protein. On the other hand, ethylene synthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening were significantly inhibited in CR-NOR (CRISPR/Cas9-edited NAC-NOR) fruit compared with the wild-type, but much less severely affected than in the nor mutant, while they were accelerated in OE-NOR (overexpressed NAC-NOR) fruit. These data further indicated that nor is a gain-of-function mutation and NAC-NOR plays a significant role in ripening of wild-type fruit.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of ABA Effects on Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling during Tomato Fruit Ripening

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0154072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangshu Mou ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
Jianwen Bu ◽  
Yuanyuan Jiang ◽  
Zia Ullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis And Signaling

scholarly journals SlGRAS4 accelerates fruit ripening by regulating ethylene biosynthesis genes and SlMADS1 in tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudong Liu ◽  
Yuan Shi ◽  
Deding Su ◽  
Wang Lu ◽  
Zhengguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms

AbstractGRAS proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. However, their involvement in the ripening of economically important fruits and their transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that SlGRAS4, encoding a transcription factor of the GRAS family, was induced by the tomato ripening process and regulated by ethylene. Overexpression of SlGRAS4 accelerated fruit ripening, increased the total carotenoid content and increased PSY1 expression in SlGRAS4-OE fruit compared to wild-type fruit. The expression levels of key ethylene biosynthesis genes (SlACS2, SlACS4, SlACO1, and SlACO3) and crucial ripening regulators (RIN and NOR) were increased in SlGRAS4-OE fruit. The negative regulator of tomato fruit ripening, SlMADS1, was repressed in OE fruit. Exogenous ethylene and 1-MCP treatment revealed that more endogenous ethylene was derived in SlGRAS4-OE fruit. More obvious phenotypes were observed in OE seedlings after ACC treatment. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that SlGRAS4 can directly bind SlACO1 and SlACO3 promoters to activate their transcription, and SlGRAS4 can also directly repress SlMADS1 expression. Our study identified that SlGRAS4 acts as a new regulator of fruit ripening by regulating ethylene biosynthesis genes in a direct manner. This provides new knowledge of GRAS transcription factors involved in regulating fruit ripening.

scholarly journals Effect of Fluridone on Some Physiological and Qualitative Features of Ripening Tomato Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Justyna Góraj-Koniarska ◽  
Marian Saniewski ◽  
Ryszard Kosson ◽  
Wiesław Wiczkowski ◽  
Marcin Horbowicz
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Chlorophyll Production ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Significance

AbstractIn tomato fruits, chlorophyll, lycopene and ß-carotene are mostly responsible for the color. During ripening of tomato fruits, the color of the pericarp changes from green to red as chlorophyll is degraded and carotenoids accumulate. These changes are associated with an increase in respiration and ethylene production. Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants can be disturbed by herbicide fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-trifluoromethyl(phenyl)]- 4(1H)-pyridinone), which inhibits the activity of phytoene desaturase, an enzyme responsible for conversion of phytoene to phytofluene. Fluridone is also used as an inhibitor of biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones, and it reduces chlorophyll production in plants. In our research we studied the effect of fluridone on some physiological parameters, such as color, firmness, ethylene production, lycopene and chlorophyll content during ripening of the tomato fruit. Tomato plants cv. Altadena (Syngenta) were cultivated in a greenhouse in controlled temperature and both immature and mature fruits were used for the experiments, performed between August and November 2016. Fluridone at concentrations of 0.1% and 1.0% in lanolin paste was applied as a 2-3 mm stripe from the top to the base of tomato fruits, and as a control a stripe of lanolin was applied in the same way on the opposite side of the fruits. Fluridone at a concentration of 1.0% greatly inhibited lycopene accumulation in the pericarp of tomato fruits from the treated side. The measurements of fruit firmness have shown no significant differences between firmness of the part of the tomato fruits treated with fluridone, and the non-treated ones. Tomato fruits treated with fluridone produced amounts of ethylene similar to those found in control tissues on the opposite side of the same fruit. Fluridone delayed chlorophyll degradation in tomato fruits. The metabolic significance of these findings is discussed with the role of carotenogenesis inhibition in tomato fruit ripening.

Gibberellins Play a Role in Regulating Tomato Fruit Ripening

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1619-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Li ◽  
Han Wu ◽  
Qi Qi ◽  
Huihui Li ◽  
Zhifei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Regulator Genes ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

AbstractAlthough exogenous applications of gibberellins (GAs) delay tomato ripening, the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in the process have never been well recognized. Here, we report that the concentration of endogenous GAs is declined before the increase of ethylene production in mature-green to breaker stage fruits. We further demonstrate that reductions in GA levels via overexpression of a GA catabolism gene SlGA2ox1 specifically in fruit tissues lead to early ripening. Consistently, we have also observed that application of a GA biosynthetic inhibitor, prohexadione-calcium, at the mature-green stage accelerates fruit ripening, while exogenous GA3 application delays the process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene biosynthetic gene expressions and ethylene production are activated prematurely in GA-deficient fruits but delayed/reduced in exogenous GA3-treated WT fruits. We also show that the GA deficiency-mediated activation of ethylene biosynthesis is due to the activation of the ripening regulator genes RIN, NOR and CNR. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that GAs play a negative role in tomato fruit ripening.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document