scholarly journals Effect of Cadmium Toxicity on Growth, Oxidative Damage, Antioxidant Defense System and Cadmium Accumulation in Two Sorghum Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jawad Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
Sana Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Ansar ◽  
Harun Gitari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Semi Arid

Heavy metal stress is a leading environmental issue reducing crop growth and productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Cadmium (Cd), a non-redox heavy metal, can indirectly increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing cell death. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Cd (0, 5, 25, 50, 100 µM) on physiological and biochemical parameters in two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars: JS-2002 and Chakwal Sorghum. The results showed that various concentrations of Cd significantly increased the Cd uptake in both cultivars; however, the uptake was higher in JS-2002 compared to Chakwal Sorghum in leaf, stem and root. Regardless of the cultivars, there was a higher accumulation of the Cd in roots than in shoots. The Cd stress significantly reduced the growth and increased the electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both cultivars, but the Chakwal Sorghum showed more pronounced oxidative damage than the JS-2002, as reflected by higher H2O2, MDA and EL. Moreover, Cd stress, particularly 50 µM and 100 µM, decreased the activity of different antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). However, the JS-2002 exhibited higher SOD, POD and CAT activities than the Chakwal Sorghum under different Cd-levels. These findings revealed that JS-2002 had a stronger Cd enrichment capacity and also exhibited a better tolerance to Cd stress due to its efficient antioxidant defense system than Chakwal Sorghum. The present study provides the available information about Cd enrichment and tolerance in S. bicolor, which is used as an important agricultural crop for livestock feed in arid and semi-arid regions.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central Role of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal and in Heavy Metal Chelation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anwar Hossain ◽  
Pukclai Piyatida ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Masayuki Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Peroxidation Of Lipids ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glyoxalase System

Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. A common consequence of HM toxicity is the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG), both of which can cause peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, DNA damage and/or interact with other vital constituents of plant cells. Higher plants have evolved a sophisticated antioxidant defense system and a glyoxalase system to scavenge ROS and MG. In addition, HMs that enter the cell may be sequestered by amino acids, organic acids, glutathione (GSH), or by specific metal-binding ligands. Being a central molecule of both the antioxidant defense system and the glyoxalase system, GSH is involved in both direct and indirect control of ROS and MG and their reaction products in plant cells, thus protecting the plant from HM-induced oxidative damage. Recent plant molecular studies have shown that GSH by itself and its metabolizing enzymes—notably glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II—act additively and coordinately for efficient protection against ROS- and MG-induced damage in addition to detoxification, complexation, chelation and compartmentation of HMs. The aim of this review is to integrate a recent understanding of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of HM-induced plant stress response and tolerance based on the findings of current plant molecular biology research.

Oxidative damage and antioxidant defense system in leaves of Vicia faba major L. cv. Bartom during soil flooding and subsequent drainage

2009 ◽  
Vol 327 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara I. Balakhnina ◽  
Riccardo P. Bennicelli ◽  
Zofia Stępniewska ◽  
Witold Stępniewski ◽  
Irina R. Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Soil Flooding

scholarly journals Melatonin Confers Plant Cadmium Tolerance: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11704
Author(s):  
Quan Gu ◽  
Chuyan Wang ◽  
Qingqing Xiao ◽  
Ziping Chen ◽  
Yi Han
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Complex Interactions

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most injurious heavy metals, affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, and it is since known to act as a multifunctional molecule to alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses, especially Cd stress. Endogenously triggered or exogenously applied melatonin re-establishes the redox homeostasis by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system. It can also affect the Cd transportation and sequestration by regulating the transcripts of genes related to the major metal transport system, as well as the increase in glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). Melatonin activates several downstream signals, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and salicylic acid (SA), which are required for plant Cd tolerance. Similar to the physiological functions of NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also involved in the abiotic stress-related processes in plants. Moreover, exogenous melatonin induces H2S generation in plants under salinity or heat stress. However, the involvement of H2S action in melatonin-induced Cd tolerance is still largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the progresses in various physiological and molecular mechanisms regulated by melatonin in plants under Cd stress. The complex interactions between melatonin and H2S in acquisition of Cd stress tolerance are also discussed.

scholarly journals Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Zea Mays L. through Up-Regulation of Antioxidant Defense System and Organic Osmolytes under Supplemental Calcium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kaleem ◽  
Iqbal Hussain ◽  
Mansoor Hameed ◽  
Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad ◽  
Anam Mehmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Organic Osmolytes ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Cellular Antioxidants

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is a macronutrient and work as a modulator to mitigate oxidative stress induced by heavy metals. Present work was conducted to elucidate the role of Ca in modulating growth, physio-biochemical traits, and cellular antioxidant defense system in Zea mays L. seedlings under Cd stress. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized design with two levels of Cd (0 and 150 µM) and six levels of Ca (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM). Maize seedlings exposed to Cd at150 µM concentration showed a notable decrease in growth, biomass, anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and antioxidant enzymes activities. Higher level of Cd (150 µm) also caused an upsurge in oxidative damage observed as higher electrolyte leakage (increased membrane permeability), H2O2 production and MDA accumulation. Supplementation of Ca notably improved growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, cellular antioxidants (APX, POD and ascorbic acid), anthocyanins and level of osmolytes. The significant improvement in the osmolytes (proteins and amino acids), and enzymatic antioxidative defense system enhanced the membrane stability and mitigated the damaging effects of Cd. The present results concluded that exogenously applied Ca can potentially improve growth by regulating antioxidants and enable maize plants to withstand the Cd toxicity.

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