scholarly journals Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Complex Organic

Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly Larval Valorization Benefitting from Ex-Situ Fungal Fermentation in Reducing Coconut Endosperm Waste

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Seteno K. O. Ntwampe ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
The Cost

Oftentimes, the employment of entomoremediation to reduce organic wastes encounters ubiquitous shortcomings, i.e., ineffectiveness to valorize recalcitrant organics in wastes. Considering the cost-favorability, a fermentation process can be employed to facilitate the degradation of biopolymers into smaller organics, easing the subsequent entomoremediation process. However, the efficacy of in situ fermentation was found impeded by the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in the current study to reduce coconut endosperm waste (CEW). Indeed, by changing into ex situ fermentation, in which the fungal Rhizopus oligosporus was permitted to execute fermentation on CEW prior to the larval feeding, the reduction of CEW was significantly enhanced. In this regard, the waste reduction index of CEW by BSFL was almost doubled as opposed to in situ fermentation, even with the inoculation of merely 0.5 wt % of Rhizopus oligosporus. Moreover, with only 0.02 wt % of fungal inoculation size to execute the ex situ fermentation on CEW, it could spur BSFL growth by about 50%. Finally, from the statistical correlation study using principal component analysis, the presence of Rhizopus oligosporus in a range of 0.5–1.0 wt % was regarded as optimum to ferment CEW via ex situ mode, prior to the valorization by BSFL in reducing the CEW.

Direct transesterification of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for biodiesel production

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
Shih-Hsiang Liang ◽  
Sing-Ying Li ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Chien-Chung Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Direct Transesterification ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Biodiesel Production from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Derived from Food Waste by Non-Catalytic Transesterification

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121700
Author(s):  
Sungyup Jung ◽  
Jong-Min Jung ◽  
Yiu Fai Tsang ◽  
Amit Bhatnagar ◽  
Wei-Hsin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

scholarly journals Effects of rearing system and microbial inoculation on black soldier fly larvae growth and microbiota when reared on agri-food by-products

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
M. Gold ◽  
T. Fowles ◽  
J.D. Fernandez-Bayo ◽  
L. Palma Miner ◽  
C. Zurbrügg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
System Design ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Substrate Reduction ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
By Products

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are widely used in recycling and upcycling of nutrients in agri-food by-products, but low and inconsistent BSFL rearing performance (i.e. larval growth, bioconversion rate, and substrate reduction) has been identified as a key challenge. The aims of this research were two-fold: (1) validate an existing closed rearing system design; and (2) assess whether a microbial inoculum derived from the rearing residue increases rearing performance. In controlled bench-scale experiments, BSFL were reared on tomato pomace (TP) and white wine pomace (WWP), along with food waste as control substrate. The two aims were assessed based on the following response variables: larval mass, substrate reduction, residue properties (i.e. pH, temperature, moisture content), and larval intestinal and residue microbiota. Higher BSFL mass (by 5.1 mg dry mass) at harvest on WWP and substrate reduction on TP (by 11.7% dry mass) in the closed system compared to the open system confirmed the potential of closed systems for rearing performance improvements of agri-food by-products. The rearing system also affected the residual moisture content and temperature, but only had a small effect on microbiota. Performance improvements by the closed rearing system design may be outweighed by insufficient aeration with pasty substrates and higher operational efforts for aeration and larval separation from the high-moisture residues. In contrast to the rearing system design, addition of the residue-derived microbial inoculum did not result in improved performance, nor did it alter intestinal and residue microbiota. Missing performance improvements could have been due to absent or low numbers of probiotic bacteria. The success of microbial substrate supplementation could be improved by studying effects of larval-associated microbes and developing cultivation methods that selectively amplify the beneficial (yet unknown) members of the microbial community. Our investigations aimed to increase the valorisation of low-value agri-food by-products in BSFL rearing.

scholarly journals Potential Protein and Biodiesel Sources from Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Insights of Larval Harvesting Instar and Fermented Feeding Medium

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Yiin Wong ◽  
Siti-Suhailah Rosli ◽  
Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽  
Yeek Chia Ho ◽  
Arunsri Leejeerajumnean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Powder Concentration ◽  
Mixed Bacteria ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Primarily produced via transesterification of lipid sources, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of biodiesel derived from insect larvae has gained momentum in a great deal of research done over other types of feedstock. From the self-harvesting nature of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), research had, however, only concentrated on the harvest of BSFL on sixth instar. Through rearing BSFL on coconut endosperm waste (CEW), 100 BSFL were harvested at the fifth and sixth instar, then modification on CEW with mixed-bacteria powder was carried out. It was found that the fifth instar BSFL had 34% lipid content, which was 8% more than the sixth instar. Both instars had similar corrected protein contents around 35–38%. The sixth instar BSFL contained around 19% of chitin, which was about 11% more than the fifth instar. Biodiesel products from both instars showed no differences in terms of FAME content. With modification on CEW, at 0.5 wt% of mixed-bacteria powder concentration, the maximum waste-to-biomass conversion (WBC) and protein conversion (PC) were achieved at 9% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, even with the shorter fermentation time frame of CEW, it did not affect the development of BSFL in terms of its WBC and PC when fed with 14 and 21 days fermented medium. FAME from all groups set, which predominantly constituted about C12:0 at around 60%, followed by C14:0 at around 15%, C16:0, and C18:1 both at 10% on average. Lastly, the FAME yield from BSFL was improved from 25% (sixth instar) to 33% (fifth instar) and showed its highest at 38.5% with modification on raw CEW with 0.5 wt% mixed-bacteria powder and fermented for 21 days. Thus, harvesting BSFL at earlier instar is more beneficial and practical, as it improves the FAME yield from the BSFL biomass.

scholarly journals Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ratchaprapa Raksasat ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Fame Profile

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document