scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly Larval Valorization Benefitting from Ex-Situ Fungal Fermentation in Reducing Coconut Endosperm Waste

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Seteno K. O. Ntwampe ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
The Cost

Oftentimes, the employment of entomoremediation to reduce organic wastes encounters ubiquitous shortcomings, i.e., ineffectiveness to valorize recalcitrant organics in wastes. Considering the cost-favorability, a fermentation process can be employed to facilitate the degradation of biopolymers into smaller organics, easing the subsequent entomoremediation process. However, the efficacy of in situ fermentation was found impeded by the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in the current study to reduce coconut endosperm waste (CEW). Indeed, by changing into ex situ fermentation, in which the fungal Rhizopus oligosporus was permitted to execute fermentation on CEW prior to the larval feeding, the reduction of CEW was significantly enhanced. In this regard, the waste reduction index of CEW by BSFL was almost doubled as opposed to in situ fermentation, even with the inoculation of merely 0.5 wt % of Rhizopus oligosporus. Moreover, with only 0.02 wt % of fungal inoculation size to execute the ex situ fermentation on CEW, it could spur BSFL growth by about 50%. Finally, from the statistical correlation study using principal component analysis, the presence of Rhizopus oligosporus in a range of 0.5–1.0 wt % was regarded as optimum to ferment CEW via ex situ mode, prior to the valorization by BSFL in reducing the CEW.

scholarly journals Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Complex Organic

Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.

scholarly journals Kualitas dan distribusi spasial karakteristik fisika-kimia Sungai Siak di Kota Pekanbaru

DEPIK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Luri Anita Vanri ◽  
Adriman Adriman ◽  
Muhammad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Main Factor

Siak River is one of the biggest rivers and the deepest in Riau Province in Indonesia with its 20-30 depth and depth 370 kilometers. The Siak River used for bathing, washing, dumping industrial palm oil, plantation, domestic waste, and port so it has an impact on water quality changing. This study analyzed the water quality and distribution spatial physical and chemical parameters the river around in Pekanbaru city, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), this study used laboratory in situ and ex situ water quality measurement instruments. Water sampling each station done three times in two weeks during October to November 2019. The results obtained from this study shows the water quality of these 6 stations in the category of bad and the water quality from headwaters to downstream river influenced by organic parameter as a dominant pollutant. The correlation of water quality characteristic was 74.4% main factor 1 (F1) 47.4% and main factor 2 (F2) 26.7% with main characteristics fecal coliform, phosphate, and nitrate. Grouping these characteristics through a dendrogram showed three levels of relationship based on the characteristic parameter. The first group stands for station 1,2, and 4 have higher brightness and Dissolved oxygen (DO) parameters than other stations. The second group stands for stations 3 and 5 that have relatively high in parameter phosphate and nitrate. The third group is station 6 (river estuary) which results in shows high of fecal coliform proportional to pollution. The study can be concluded that three groups heavily contaminated. Each group has different parameters that show influence upland and waters activities.Keywords: Distribution of spatial, The quality of water, Siak River, Physical and Chemical Parameters, PCA ABSTRAKSungai Siak merupakan salah satu sungai terbesar di Provinsi Riau dan terdalam di Indonesia, dengan kedalaman sekitar 20-30 meter dan panjang 300 kilometer. Sungai siak masih dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai sarana Mandi Cuci Kakus (MCK), tempat buangan limbah industri kelapa sawit, perkebunan, rumah tangga dan pelabuhan, sehingga berdampak pada perubahan kualitas perairan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisa kualitas dan distribusi spasial karateristik fisik-kimia perairan Sungai Siak di sekitar Kota Pekanbaru, dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Kajian menggunakan instrument pengukuran kualitas air in situ dan ex situ di laboratorium. Pengambilan sampel air pada masing-masing stasiun dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali setiap dua minggu selama bulan Oktober hingga November 2019. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kajian ini adalah kualitas air di keenam stasiun masuk dalam katagori buruk dan mengalami penurunan kualitas dari hulu ke hilir yang disebabkan bahan organik. Korelasi karakteristik kualitas air sebesar 74,3%, faktor utama 1 (F1)  47,4% dan faktor utama 2 (F2) 26,7% dengan penciri utama fecal coliform, fosfat dan nitrat. Pengelompokan stasiun pada dendogram klarifikasi hierarki menunjukkan adanya tiga tingkat hubungan kekerabatan berdasarkan parameter pencirinya. Kelompok satu terdiri dari stasiun 1, 2 dan 4 memiliki hasil relatif tinggi pada parameter kecerahan dan oksigen terlarut (DO) dibandingkan dengan stasiun lainnya. Kelompok dua terdiri dari stasiun 3 dan 5 memiliki hasil relatif tinggi pada paramter nitrat dan fosfat dibandingkan dengan stasiun lainnya. Kelompok tiga adalah stasiun 6 (muara sungai sail) dengan parameter fecal coliform relatif tinggi yang berbanding lurus dengan tingkat pencemarannya. Berdasarkan hasil kajian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tiga kelompok sama-sama tercemar berat, namun masing-masing kelompok memiliki perbedaan parameter pencirinya yang memperlihatkan pengaruh berbagai aktifitas di darat maupun di perairan itu sendiri.Kata kunci: Distribusi spasial, Kualitas air, Sungai Siak, Parameter fisika dan kimia, PCA

scholarly journals Distribusi Dan Karakteristik Kualitas Perairan Ekosistem Mangrove Pulau Kecil Taman Nasional Bunaken

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshian Nicolas Schaduw
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Water Quality Characteristic ◽  
Main Factor

Ekosistem mangrove mempunyai fungsi  ekologi dan sosial ekonomi bagi masyarakat pesisir, mempertahankan fungsi ini merupakan langkah mempertahankan fungsi ekosistem disekitarnya diantaranya terumbu karang  dan  padang lamun. Kajian ini menganalisa kondisi kualitas perairan ekosistem mangrove yang ada pada empat pulau kecil di Taman Nasional Bunaken (Pulau Bunaken; Pulau Manado Tua; Pulau Mantehage; Pulau Nain) dan korelasi karakterisitik kualitas air pulau-pulau tersebut (suhu, salinitas, kekeruhan, total suspended solid, pH, Dissolved Oksigen, NO3-N, dan PO4-P) dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA), kajian ini menggunakan instrumen pengukuran kualitas air in situ dan ex situ di laboratorium. Selain itu, hasil kualitas air ini akan dibandingkan dengan baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah pada ekosistem mangrove, hal ini sebagai bahan pertimbangan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove dimasa yang akan datang. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kajian ini adalah kualitas air keempat pulau ini masuk dalam kategori baik dan dapat mendukung kelangsungan hidup biota yang berasosisi didalamnya. Korelasi karakteristik kualitas air sebesar 94%, faktor utama 1 (F1) 79,33% dan faktor utama 2 (F2) 14,22% dengan penciri utama suhu, PO4-P, dan salinitas, dendogram menunjukkan adanya dua tingkatan hubungan kekerabatan dimana Pulau Nain dan Pulau Manado Tua memiliki kekerabatan kondisi perairan yang sama, diikuti Pulau Bunaken dan Mantehege. Kondisi ini harus dipertahankan dan dimonitoring secara berkala mengingat Taman Nasional Bunaken banyak mendapat tekanan dari aktivitas antropogenik dan perubahan iklim global.  Mangrove ecosystems have ecological and socio-economic functions for coastal communities, preserve these functions is a step to maintain the function of adjacent ecosystems including coral reefs and seagrass beds. This study analyzed the water quality conditions of mangrove ecosystem  within four small islands in Bunaken National Park (Bunaken Island, Manado Tua Island, Mantehage Island and Nain Island) and  water quality characteristic correlation among these islands (e.g. temperature, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solid, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, NO3-N, and PO4-P) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), this study used laboratory in situ and ex situ water quality measurement instruments. In addition, the results of this water quality then compared with the government standard quality for mangrove ecosystem water quality, this is a consideration for the management of mangrove ecosystems in the future. The results obtained from this study shows the water quality of these four islands in the category of good and can support the existence of associate biota that live in it. The correlation of water quality characteristic was 94%, main factor 1 (F1) 79,33% and main factor 2 (F2) 14,22% with main characteristics are temperature, PO4-P, and salinity, grouping these characteristics  through dendogram showed two levels of relationship where Nain Island and Manado Tua Island have the same relationship of their water condition, followed by Bunaken Island and Mantehege. This condition must be maintained and monitored regularly as Bunaken National Park is under considerable get pressure from anthropogenic activities and global climate change. 

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF EXCTRACTION METHOD FOR POLLUTED WITH OIL PRODUCT SOIL TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Simona Dolinaitė ◽  
Dainius Paliulis
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
The Cost

The article analyzes the ways of the access of oil into the soil and the possible ways of soil treatment that allow the removal of oil and its products from the soil matrix. The extraction method is one of the most effective ways to treat soil contaminated by oil products ex-situ, which is why the cost of cleaning is higher than the in-situ method, because ex-situ exhausting requires the soil to crop, transport, store, etc., of the contaminated layer. Despite the higher cost of ex-situ cleaning, the efficiency of cleaning is higher and the time taken to remove oil from the soil is shorter. Lithuania did not apply the extraction method to clean soil contaminated with petroleum products (NP), although the method has a rather high efficiency. The article analyzes the dependence of extraction efficiency of oil product (motor oil) on extraction time, extraction solvent type, NP concentration and extraction solvent content.

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine sediment under denitrifying conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean D. MacRae ◽  
Kenneth J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Bottom Fish ◽  
The Cost

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are common environmental pollutants that have been linked to cancerous lesions in bottom fish. In this research, the feasibility of using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor to stimulate PAH-degradation in anoxic marine sediment was investigated. PAH could be degraded under denitrifying conditions as long as other nutrients were not limiting. The half lives of low molecular weight PAH ranged from approximately 33-88 days. Degradation of high molecular weight PAH was slower, or not observed. Half lives ranged from 143-812 days. Nitrate may be applied to sediments in situ or used in bioreactors to reduce the cost of bioremediation operations ex situ.

scholarly journals In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Yeek Chia Ho ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Pau Loke Show ◽  
Siewhui Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Protein Productivity ◽  
Yeast Concentration

Recently, worldwide researchers have been focusing on exploiting of black soldier fly larval (BSFL) biomass to serve as the feed mediums for farmed animals, including aquaculture farming, in order to assuage the rising demands for protein sources. In this study, yeast was introduced into coconut endosperm waste (CEW) whilst serving as the feeding medium to rear BSFL in simultaneously performed in situ fermentation. It was found that at a 2.5 wt% yeast concentration, the total biomass gained, growth rate and rearing time were improved to 1.145 g, 0.085 g/day and 13.5 days, respectively. In terms of solid waste reduction, the inoculation of yeast over 0.5 wt% in CEW was able to achieve more than 50% overall degradation, with the waste reduction indexes (WRIs) ranging from 0.038 to 0.040 g/day. Disregarding the concentration of yeast introduced, the protein productivity from 20 BSFL was enhanced from only 0.018 g/day (the control) to 0.025 g/day with the presence of yeast at arbitrary concentrations. On the other hand, the larval protein yield was fortified from the control (28%) to a highest value of 35% with the presence of a mere 0.02 wt% yeast concentration. To summarize, the inclusion of a minimal amount of yeast into CEW for in situ fermentation ultimately enhanced the growth of BSFL, as well as its protein yield and productivity.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Epitaxial silicides grown by ultra high vacuum deposition

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Transmission Electron

The silicides CoSi2 and NiSi2 are both metallic with the fee flourite structure and lattice constants which are close to silicon (1.2% and 0.6% smaller at room temperature respectively) Consequently epitaxial cobalt and nickel disilicide can be grown on silicon. If these layers are formed by ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition (also known as molecular beam epitaxy or MBE) their thickness can be controlled to within a few monolayers. Such ultrathin metal/silicon systems have many potential applications: for example electronic devices based on ballistic transport. They also provide a model system to study the properties of heterointerfaces. In this work we will discuss results obtained using in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In situ TEM is suited to the study of MBE growth for several reasons. It offers high spatial resolution and the ability to penetrate many monolayers of material. This is in contrast to the techniques which are usually employed for in situ measurements in MBE, for example low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), which are both sensitive to only a few monolayers at the surface.

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