scholarly journals Optimal Scheduling of the Peirce–Smith Converter in the Copper Smelting Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2004
Author(s):  
Hussain Ahmed ◽  
Luis Ricardez-Sandoval ◽  
Matti Vilkko
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Batch Time ◽  
Peirce Smith Converter ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
Copper Losses

Copper losses during the Peirce–Smith converter (PSC) operation is of great concern in the copper smelting process. Two primary objectives of the PSC are to produce blister copper with a shorter batch time and to keep the copper losses at a minimum level. Due to the nature of the process, those two objectives are contradictory to each other. Moreover, actions inside the PSC are subject to several operational constraints that make it difficult to develop a scheduling framework for its optimal operation. In this work, a basic but efficient linear multi-period scheduling framework for the PSC is presented that finds the optimal timings of the PSC operations to keep the copper losses and the batch time at a minimum level. An industrial case study is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. This novel solution can be implemented in other smelting processes and used for the design of an inter-PSC scheduling framework.

RAM analysis of mining process: a case study of a Copper Smelting Process in the field of mining, Chile

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (31) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Barberá ◽  
Adolfo Crespo ◽  
Pablo Viveros ◽  
Fredy Kristjanpoller
Keyword(s):  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Ram Analysis

scholarly journals Materials and Energy Balance of E-Waste Smelting—An Industrial Case Study in China

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1814
Author(s):  
Fengchun Ye ◽  
Zhihong Liu ◽  
Longgong Xia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Copper Phase ◽  
Reduction Smelting

The application of Nerin Recycling Technologies (NRT) in electronic waste (E-waste) smelting was introduced in this study, and the material and energy balance was calculated based on the practical data with the METSIM software (METSIM International, USA). The main results are as follows: (1) the optimized processing parameters in the NRT smelting practice were the E-waste feeding rate of 5.95 t/h, oxidation smelting duration of 3.5 h, reduction smelting duration of 0.5 h, oxygen enrichment of 21–40 vol.%, oxygen consumption of 68.06 Nm3/ton raw material, slag temperature of 1280 °C, slag composition: Fe/SiO2 mass ratio of 0.8–1.4, CaO, 15–20 wt.%, Cu in crude copper ≥ 95 wt.%, Cu in slag, 0.5 wt.%, recovery of Cu, Au, and Ag ≥ 98%; (2) 98.49% Au, 98.04% Ag, 94.11% Ni, and 79.13% Sn entered the crude copper phase in the smelting process, 76.73% Pb and 67.22% Zn volatilized to the dust phase, and all halogen elements terminated in the dust and off-gas; (3) total heat input of the process was 79,480 MJ/h, the energy released by chemical reactions accounted for 69.94% of the total, and heat from fuels burning accounted for 33.04%. The energy brought away by the off-gas was 38,440 MJ/h, which was the largest part in heat output. The heat loss with the smelting slag accounted for 28.47% of the total.

scholarly journals Integrated Process Re-Design with Operation in the Digital Era: Illustration through an Industrial Case Study

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Maria Marcos ◽  
José Luis Pitarch ◽  
Cesar de Prada
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Water ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Non Linear Programming ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Network Operation

This work discusses what should be the desirable path and correct tools for the optimal re-design and operation of processes in the Industry 4.0 framework, as illustrated in a challenging case study corresponding to a complex network of evaporation plants in a viscose-fiber factory. The goal is to integrate optimal design, to improve the existing cooling systems, together with the optimal operation of the whole network, balancing the initial investment with the potentially achievable savings. A rigorous mathematical model for such optimization purpose has been built. The model explicitly considers different structural alternatives as a superstructure for the incorporation of new equipment into the network. The uncertainty associated to future operating conditions is also considered by using a two-stage stochastic formulation. Furthermore, the model is also the base from which a deterministic real-time optimization (RTO) builds upon to support the daily management of the future network operation. The RTO tool suggests the allocation of different products to evaporation plants, the distribution of the cooling water and the suitable number of heat pumps to switch on for optimal economic operation. Design and operation problems are formulated and solved via mixed-integer non-linear programming and the results have been tested with historical plant data.

scholarly journals On systematically building a controlled natural language for functional requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Veizaga ◽  
Mauricio Alferez ◽  
Damiano Torre ◽  
Mehrdad Sabetzadeh ◽  
Lionel Briand
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Requirements Specifications ◽  
Financial Domain

AbstractNatural language (NL) is pervasive in software requirements specifications (SRSs). However, despite its popularity and widespread use, NL is highly prone to quality issues such as vagueness, ambiguity, and incompleteness. Controlled natural languages (CNLs) have been proposed as a way to prevent quality problems in requirements documents, while maintaining the flexibility to write and communicate requirements in an intuitive and universally understood manner. In collaboration with an industrial partner from the financial domain, we systematically develop and evaluate a CNL, named Rimay, intended at helping analysts write functional requirements. We rely on Grounded Theory for building Rimay and follow well-known guidelines for conducting and reporting industrial case study research. Our main contributions are: (1) a qualitative methodology to systematically define a CNL for functional requirements; this methodology is intended to be general for use across information-system domains, (2) a CNL grammar to represent functional requirements; this grammar is derived from our experience in the financial domain, but should be applicable, possibly with adaptations, to other information-system domains, and (3) an empirical evaluation of our CNL (Rimay) through an industrial case study. Our contributions draw on 15 representative SRSs, collectively containing 3215 NL requirements statements from the financial domain. Our evaluation shows that Rimay is expressive enough to capture, on average, 88% (405 out of 460) of the NL requirements statements in four previously unseen SRSs from the financial domain.

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