scholarly journals Materials and Energy Balance of E-Waste Smelting—An Industrial Case Study in China

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1814
Author(s):  
Fengchun Ye ◽  
Zhihong Liu ◽  
Longgong Xia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Copper Phase ◽  
Reduction Smelting

The application of Nerin Recycling Technologies (NRT) in electronic waste (E-waste) smelting was introduced in this study, and the material and energy balance was calculated based on the practical data with the METSIM software (METSIM International, USA). The main results are as follows: (1) the optimized processing parameters in the NRT smelting practice were the E-waste feeding rate of 5.95 t/h, oxidation smelting duration of 3.5 h, reduction smelting duration of 0.5 h, oxygen enrichment of 21–40 vol.%, oxygen consumption of 68.06 Nm3/ton raw material, slag temperature of 1280 °C, slag composition: Fe/SiO2 mass ratio of 0.8–1.4, CaO, 15–20 wt.%, Cu in crude copper ≥ 95 wt.%, Cu in slag, 0.5 wt.%, recovery of Cu, Au, and Ag ≥ 98%; (2) 98.49% Au, 98.04% Ag, 94.11% Ni, and 79.13% Sn entered the crude copper phase in the smelting process, 76.73% Pb and 67.22% Zn volatilized to the dust phase, and all halogen elements terminated in the dust and off-gas; (3) total heat input of the process was 79,480 MJ/h, the energy released by chemical reactions accounted for 69.94% of the total, and heat from fuels burning accounted for 33.04%. The energy brought away by the off-gas was 38,440 MJ/h, which was the largest part in heat output. The heat loss with the smelting slag accounted for 28.47% of the total.

scholarly journals Optimal Scheduling of the Peirce–Smith Converter in the Copper Smelting Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2004
Author(s):  
Hussain Ahmed ◽  
Luis Ricardez-Sandoval ◽  
Matti Vilkko
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Batch Time ◽  
Peirce Smith Converter ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
Copper Losses

Copper losses during the Peirce–Smith converter (PSC) operation is of great concern in the copper smelting process. Two primary objectives of the PSC are to produce blister copper with a shorter batch time and to keep the copper losses at a minimum level. Due to the nature of the process, those two objectives are contradictory to each other. Moreover, actions inside the PSC are subject to several operational constraints that make it difficult to develop a scheduling framework for its optimal operation. In this work, a basic but efficient linear multi-period scheduling framework for the PSC is presented that finds the optimal timings of the PSC operations to keep the copper losses and the batch time at a minimum level. An industrial case study is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. This novel solution can be implemented in other smelting processes and used for the design of an inter-PSC scheduling framework.

scholarly journals On systematically building a controlled natural language for functional requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Veizaga ◽  
Mauricio Alferez ◽  
Damiano Torre ◽  
Mehrdad Sabetzadeh ◽  
Lionel Briand
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Requirements Specifications ◽  
Financial Domain

AbstractNatural language (NL) is pervasive in software requirements specifications (SRSs). However, despite its popularity and widespread use, NL is highly prone to quality issues such as vagueness, ambiguity, and incompleteness. Controlled natural languages (CNLs) have been proposed as a way to prevent quality problems in requirements documents, while maintaining the flexibility to write and communicate requirements in an intuitive and universally understood manner. In collaboration with an industrial partner from the financial domain, we systematically develop and evaluate a CNL, named Rimay, intended at helping analysts write functional requirements. We rely on Grounded Theory for building Rimay and follow well-known guidelines for conducting and reporting industrial case study research. Our main contributions are: (1) a qualitative methodology to systematically define a CNL for functional requirements; this methodology is intended to be general for use across information-system domains, (2) a CNL grammar to represent functional requirements; this grammar is derived from our experience in the financial domain, but should be applicable, possibly with adaptations, to other information-system domains, and (3) an empirical evaluation of our CNL (Rimay) through an industrial case study. Our contributions draw on 15 representative SRSs, collectively containing 3215 NL requirements statements from the financial domain. Our evaluation shows that Rimay is expressive enough to capture, on average, 88% (405 out of 460) of the NL requirements statements in four previously unseen SRSs from the financial domain.

scholarly journals Sustainable and Clean Utilization of Yellow Phosphorus Slag (YPS): Activation and Preparation of Granular Rice Fertilizer

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2080
Author(s):  
Cuihong Hou ◽  
Luyi Li ◽  
Lishuang Hou ◽  
Bingbing Liu ◽  
Shouyu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Water Quenching ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Industrial Solid Waste ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Yellow Phosphorus ◽  
Quenching Process ◽  
Reduction Smelting ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a typical industrial solid waste, while it contains abundant silicon micronutrient required for the growth of rice. The key scientific problem to use the YPS as rice fertilizer is how to activate the slag efficiently during the phosphorite reduction smelting process. In this work, an alkaline rice fertilizer from the activated YPS was successfully prepared to use the micronutrients. Thermodynamic analyses of SiO2-CaO, SiO2-CaO-Al2O3, and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO systems were discussed to optimize the acidity for reduction smelting. Results showed that the reduction smelting followed by the water quenching process can realize the reduction of phosphorite and activation of YPS synchronously. Ternary acidity m(SiO2)/(m(CaO) + m(MgO)) of 0.92 is suitable for the reduction smelting and activation of the slag. After smelting, the molten YPS can be effectively activated by water quenching, and 78.28% P, 90.03% Ca, and 77.12% Si in the YPS are activated, which can be readily absorbed by the rice roots. Finally, high-strength granular rice fertilizers with a particle size of Φ2–4 mm were successfully prepared from the powdery nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) and activated YPS mixture.

scholarly journals Investigation and Improvement of Standard External Lightning Protection System: Industrial Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4118
Author(s):  
I Made Yulistya Negara ◽  
Daniar Fahmi ◽  
Dimas Anton Asfani ◽  
IGN Satriyadi Hernanda ◽  
Rendi Bagus Pratama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Industrial Case Study ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Electromagnetic Transient ◽  
Petrochemical Company ◽  
Program Software ◽  
Ground Potential

In this study, the lightning protection system and grounding system of one plant of the petrochemical industry were investigated, evaluated, and improved. The methods used in this study were rolling sphere and angle protection methods. The grounding system of the building under study was modeled and simulated using ATP/EMTP (Alternative Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient Program) software. The results show that the external lightning protection system of the prilling tower studied does not adhere to IEC 62305 and IEC 1024-1-1 standards. Moreover, the grounding configuration of the DCS building was not appropriate for protecting sensitive equipment inside. Lightning causes an enormous potential difference between lightning ground rods in the grounding system. Additionally, disabling the existing surge protective device (SPD) causes an increase in the magnitude of Ground Potential Rise at the DCS building. Improvement of the lightning protection system of the prilling tower and DCS building on Plant 1 of this petrochemical company as well as some other recommendations for improvements are proposed. This paper also shows evidence that external lightning protection, internal lightning protection, and the grounding system need to be connected to make an exemplary lightning protection system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document