scholarly journals Planning a Career in Engineering: Parental Effects on Sons and Daughters

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Jacobs ◽  
Seher Ahmad ◽  
Linda Sax
Keyword(s):  
Parental Effects

Parental effects on crossability, embryo differentiation and plantlet recovery in wheat x rye hybrids

Euphytica ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitta Oettler
Keyword(s):  
Parental Effects

scholarly journals Parental effects alter the adaptive value of an adult behavioural trait

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Kilner ◽  
Giuseppe Boncoraglio ◽  
Jonathan M Henshaw ◽  
Benjamin JM Jarrett ◽  
Ornela De Gasperin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Behavioural Trait ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Benefits And Costs

The parents' phenotype, or the environment they create for their young, can have long-lasting effects on their offspring, with profound evolutionary consequences. Yet, virtually no work has considered how such parental effects might change the adaptive value of behavioural traits expressed by offspring upon reaching adulthood. To address this problem, we combined experiments on burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides) with theoretical modelling and focussed on one adult behavioural trait in particular: the supply of parental care. We manipulated the early-life environment and measured the fitness payoffs associated with the supply of parental care when larvae reached maturity. We found that (1) adults that received low levels of care as larvae were less successful at raising larger broods and suffered greater mortality as a result: they were low-quality parents. Furthermore, (2) high-quality males that raised offspring with low-quality females subsequently suffered greater mortality than brothers of equivalent quality, which reared larvae with higher quality females. Our analyses identify three general ways in which parental effects can change the adaptive value of an adult behavioural trait: by influencing the associated fitness benefits and costs; by consequently changing the evolutionary outcome of social interactions; and by modifying the evolutionarily stable expression of behavioural traits that are themselves parental effects.

scholarly journals Parental effects and the evolution of phenotypic memory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Kuijper ◽  
Rufus A Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Structured Population ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Parental Phenotype ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Nongenetic Inheritance

Abstract Despite growing evidence for nongenetic inheritance, the ecological conditions that favor the evolution of heritable parental or grandparental effects remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the evolution of parental effects in a patch-structured population with locally changing environments. When selection favors the production of a mix of offspring types, this mix differs according to the parental phenotype, implying that parental effects are favored over selection for bet-hedging in which the mixture of offspring phenotypes produced does not depend on the parental phenotype. Positive parental effects (generating a positive correlation between parental and offspring phenotype) are favored in relatively stable habitats and when different types of local environment are roughly equally abundant, and can give rise to long-term parental inheritance of phenotypes. By contrast, unstable habitats can favor negative parental effects (generating a negative correlation between parental and offspring phenotype), and under these circumstances even slight asymmetries in the abundance of local environmental states select for marked asymmetries in transmission fidelity.

Ethnic and parental effects on schooling outcomes before and during the transition: evidence from the Baltic countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihails Hazans ◽  
Ija Trapeznikova ◽  
Olga Rastrigina
Keyword(s):  
Parental Effects ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Schooling Outcomes

Towards understanding paternal extragenic contributions to early amphibian pattern specification: the axolotl ts—1 gene as a model system

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 89 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
George M. Malacinski ◽  
Dorothy Barone
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Data ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Model System ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Pattern Specification ◽  
Made In

As a model system for understanding the role sperm extragenic components might play in early embryogenesis the genetics and phenotype of the ts—1 axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) mutant gene are reviewed. That mutant gene displays parental effects. It exhibits both maternal (egg-mediated) as well as paternal (sperm-mediated) phenotypic effects. A variety of possible modes of action of the ts—1 gene are reviewed. Comparisons of various precedents to the ts—1 genetic data are made. In addition, novel models which account for the ts—1 phenotypic data are presented.

Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Woundfin Embryos and Larvae with Application to Conservation Propagation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke M. Holmquist ◽  
Andrew M. Ray ◽  
Betsy A. Bancroft ◽  
Nick Pinkham ◽  
Molly A. H. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Ultraviolet B Radiation ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age At Exposure

Abstract Endangered woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to directly examine the effects on mortality. The experiment was part of a project assisting the Virgin River Resource Management and Recovery Program's efforts to increase hatchery production of this endangered fish. The UV-B radiation used in this experiment was administered in treatments of 0.060, 0.030, and 0.015 mW/cm2 to simulate 100, 50, and 25% of the ambient irradiance levels documented in outdoor tanks and living streams at Bubbling Ponds State Fish Hatchery, in Arizona. Embryos and larvae were exposed for 14.5 h followed by 9.5 h of darkness, in correspondence with the daylight hours at Bubbling Ponds. No embryos survived UV-B treatments; mortality among control (UV-B–free) treatments varied (5–100%) among females, indicating that there may be important parental effects that influence embryo mortality. Larval mortality was also 100% for individuals exposed to any of the three UV-B treatments. In contrast to embryo trials, larval mortality in UV-B–free treatments approached 20% for 2-d-old larvae. These experiments provide evidence that woundfin embryos and larvae are sensitive to even low levels of UV-B when exposed for 14.5 h. Susceptibility of larvae to UV-B also appears to be a function of age at exposure, with older larvae exhibiting significantly lower levels of mortality during the initial days of exposure. Experiments with UV-B mitigation strategies indicated that shade cloth, Aquashade®, and elevated dissolved organic carbon can aid in the attenuation of UV-B, and these strategies may assist hatchery managers in implementing UV-B mitigation measures during periods when woundfin are most susceptible.

scholarly journals Parental Effects on Epigenetic Programming in Gametes and Embryos of Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongyang Wu ◽  
Marc-André Sirard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Epigenetic Programming
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