scholarly journals Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gorman ◽  
Sion Jones ◽  
Jeffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.

scholarly journals 407 - Living through the pandemic as an older person: Long-term psychological impacts in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Clarissa Giebel ◽  
Bwire Ivan ◽  
Maria Isabel Zuluaga ◽  
Suresh Kumar ◽  
Mark Gabbay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background:The pandemic has put a huge strain on people’s mental health, with varying restrictions affecting people’s lives. Little is known how the pandemic affects older adults’ mental health, particularly those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where restrictions are affecting people’s access to basic necessities. Thus, the aim of this 3-country study was to understand the long- term impacts of the pandemic on the mental well-being of older adults with and without dementia in LMICs.Methods:We are collecting 30 baseline and 15 follow-up interviews with older adults (aged 60+), people with dementia, and family carers in Colombia, India, and Uganda, as well as a baseline and follow-up focus group with health and social are professionals in each country. Interviews are conducted remotely over the phone due to pandemic restrictions, with data collection taking place between March and July 2021. Transcripts are translated into English before being analysed using thematic analysis.Results:To date, we have completed close to 90 baseline interviews and 3 focus groups with health and social care professionals. Analysis is ongoing, but findings are capturing the detrimental second wave in India and follow-up interviews will capture the longitudinal impacts on mental health.Conclusions:Whilst vaccines are starting to be rolled out in LMICs, albeit at different rates, the virus will likely take much longer to be somewhat managed in LMICs. This leaves more room for people’s physical as well as mental health to be impacted by the restrictions, and with often limited mental health service coverage, it is all the more important o understand the impact of the pandemic on older people’s mental health.

scholarly journals The impact of physician migration on mortality in low and middle-income countries: an economic modelling study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e001535
Author(s):  
Saurabh Saluja ◽  
Niclas Rudolfson ◽  
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg ◽  
John G Meara ◽  
Mark G Shrime
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Physician Migration ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundThe WHO estimates a global shortage of 2.8 million physicians, with severe deficiencies especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). The unequitable distribution of physicians worldwide is further exacerbated by the migration of physicians from LMICs to high-income countries (HIC). This large-scale migration has numerous economic consequences which include increased mortality associated with inadequate physician supply in LMICs.MethodsWe estimate the economic cost for LMICs due to excess mortality associated with physician migration. To do so, we use the concept of a value of statistical life and marginal mortality benefit provided by physicians. Uncertainty of our estimates is evaluated with Monte Carlo analysis.ResultsWe estimate that LMICs lose US$15.86 billion (95% CI $3.4 to $38.2) annually due to physician migration to HICs. The greatest total costs are incurred by India, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa. When these costs are considered as a per cent of gross national income, the cost is greatest in the WHO African region and in low-income countries.ConclusionThe movement of physicians from lower to higher income settings has substantial economic consequences. These are not simply the result of the movement of human capital, but also due to excess mortality associated with loss of physicians. Valuing these costs can inform international and domestic policy discussions that are meant to address this issue.

More than poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore D. Wachs ◽  
Santiago Cueto ◽  
Haogen Yao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Developmental Risks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Studies from both high and low-middle income (LAMI) countries have documented how being reared in poverty is linked to compromised child development. Links between poverty and development are mediated by the timing and extent of exposure to both risk factors nested under poverty and to protective influences which can attenuate the impact of risk. While children from high-, middle-, and low-income countries are exposed to similar types of developmental risks, children from low- and middle-income countries are exposed to a greater number, more varied and more intense risks. Given these contextual differences, cumulative risk models may provide a better fit than mediated models for understanding the nature of pathways linking economic insufficiency and developmental inequality in low- and middle-income countries, and for designing interventions to promote development of children from these countries. New evidence from a large scale UNICEF data set illustrates the application of a cumulative risk/protective perspective in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on the Care of Patients With Noncommunicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Online Survey of Patient Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 237437352110340
Author(s):  
Ratna Devi ◽  
Felicity Goodyear-Smith ◽  
Kannan Subramaniam ◽  
Jessica McCormack ◽  
Amanda Calder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Low And Middle Income

We sought to gain insights into the impacts of COVID-19 and associated control measures on health and health care of patients from low- and middle-income countries with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mental health conditions, using an online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common concern for the 1487 patients who took part was contracting COVID-19 when they accessed health care. Of those infected with COVID-19, half said that their health had been worse since being infected. Collectively, most people reported an increase in feelings of stress and loneliness. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a range of health care impacts on patients with noncommunicable diseases, including constraints on access to care and health effects, particularly mental well-being.

scholarly journals E-HEALTH OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES Authors

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-163
Keyword(s):  
Health Workforce ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Across the world, there is a critical expansion in digital technology through all fields, including health. Electronic health (e-Health) is the future of healthcare. E-Health could help in building better healthcare systems since it can be adopted to enhance communications, train the health workforce, assist in job-related tasks and supervision. Additionally, precision medicine (PM), which is a modern approach in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), could facilitate addressing chronic diseases. Such techniques could promote innovative public health interventions that will improve population well-being worldwide to satisfy the indicators of sustainable development goal number-3 (SDG-3) that stresses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting welfare for all. However, e-Health data could be both a gain and a challenge for LMICs. A transformational and synergetic strategy is necessary to adopt these techniques as it would sustainably minimize the expanses of healthcare. Yet, national adoption of e- Health is gradually progressing in several LMICs. This review highlights the recent advances and future applications of mobile health and its impact on people's lives in the LMICs. It also displays perceptiveness towards the best practice for scaling electronic health (e-Health) initiatives in the LMICs guided by adapted experience from real case studies and exploring the impact on designing and deploying future health initiatives, especially for improving the health workforce. Finally, It suggests a structure for data governance policy to limit the hazards of breaching or abusing health data in e-Health platforms.

scholarly journals E-HEALTH OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Keyword(s):  
Health Workforce ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Across the world, there is a critical expansion in digital technology through all fields, including health. Electronic health (e-Health) is the future of healthcare. E-Health could help in building better healthcare systems since it can be adopted to enhance communications, train the health workforce, assist in job-related tasks and supervision. Additionally, precision medicine (PM), which is a modern approach in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), could facilitate addressing chronic diseases. Such techniques could promote innovative public health interventions that will improve population well-being worldwide to satisfy the indicators of sustainable development goal number-3 (SDG-3) that stresses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting welfare for all. However, e-Health data could be both a gain and a challenge for LMICs. A transformational and synergetic strategy is necessary to adopt these techniques as it would sustainably minimize the expanses of healthcare. Yet, national adoption of e- Health is gradually progressing in several LMICs. This review highlights the recent advances and future applications of mobile health and its impact on people's lives in the LMICs. It also displays perceptiveness towards the best practice for scaling electronic health (e-Health) initiatives in the LMICs guided by adapted experience from real case studies and exploring the impact on designing and deploying future health initiatives, especially for improving the health workforce. Finally, It suggests a structure for data governance policy to limit the hazards of breaching or abusing health data in e-Health platforms.

scholarly journals Respiratory epidemics and older people

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-900
Author(s):  
Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy ◽  
Ravinder Mamtani ◽  
Marco Ameduri ◽  
Amit Abraham ◽  
Sohaila Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urgent Action

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been particularly severe on older people. Past coronavirus epidemics namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome have also been severe on older people. These epidemics lasted for only a limited period, however, and have proven short lived in the memories of both the public and public health systems. No lessons were learnt to mitigate the impact of future epidemics of such nature, on older people. This complacency we feel has claimed the lives of many older people during the current COVID-19 global epidemic. The nature of risks associated with acquiring infections and associated mortality among older people in respiratory epidemic situations are varied and of serious concern. Our commentary identifies demographic, biological, behavioural, social and healthcare-related determinants, which increase the vulnerability of older people to respiratory epidemics. We acknowledge that these determinants will likely vary between older people in high- and low-middle income countries. Notwithstanding these variations, we call for urgent action to mitigate the impact of epidemics on older people and preserve their health and dignity. Intersectoral programmes that recognise the special needs of older people and in unique contexts such as care homes must be developed and implemented, with the full participation and agreement of older people. COVID-19 has created upheaval, challenging humanity and threatening the lives, rights, and well-being of older people. We must ensure that we remain an age-friendly society and make the world a better place for all including older people.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Highly Scalable, Low-Cost Distributed Traffic Violation Enforcement System in Phuket, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Somphop Limsoonthrakul ◽  
Matthew N. Dailey ◽  
Ramesh Marikhu ◽  
Vasan Timtong ◽  
Aphinya Chairat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Traffic Violation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The number of global road traffic accidents is rising every year and remains undesirably high. One of the main reasons for this trend is that, in many countries, road users violate road safety regulations and traffic laws. Despite improvements in road safety legislation, enforcement is still a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries. Information technology solutions have emerged for automated traffic enforcement systems in the last decade. They have been tested on a small scale, but until now, the cost of deployment of these systems is generally too high for nation-wide adoption in low- and middle-income countries that need them the most. We present the architectural design of a traffic violation enforcement system that can optimize the cost of deployment and resource utilization. Based on the proposed architecture, we describe the implementation and deployment of the system, and perform a comparison of two different versions of the video-based enforcement system, one using classical computer vision methods and another using deep learning techniques. Finally, we analyze the impact of the system deployed in Phuket, Thailand from 2017 to the present in terms of local road users’ compliance and the road safety situation. We conclude that the system has had a positive impact on road safety in Phuket at a moderate cost.

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