scholarly journals The Roads, Tracks, Paths, and Ropeways of the First World War: An Opportunity to Preserve, Maintain, and Valorize Alpine Landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Gatti ◽  
Antonella Indrigo
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Alpine Environment ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Mountain Environment ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Virtuous Cycle ◽  
First World ◽  
Alpine Landscape

This research aims at understanding how to reuse infrastructure built in the Alps during the First World War to facilitate access to upland areas, increasingly used for tourism, sports, and hiking, but neglected in terms of maintenance. In other words, the main goal here is to improve and preserve the state of the mountain environment (including forests, meadows, pastures, etc.) through the reuse of historical infrastructures such as ropeways and mule tracks. Any form of reactivation of the now abandoned military logistics system, consisting of roads, mule-tracks, paths, and ropeways would enable the currently depopulated places to initiate a new and virtuous cycle. In this way, controlled planning would allow adequate maintenance to be provided for those natural and anthropic landscapes which have been progressively deprived of a productive role. The condition of abandonment and the lack of maintenance of the Alpine landscape have allowed the abundant rains of recent years, which are the result of climate change, to damage the forests of northern Italy and cause a series of hydrogeological landslides. That said, it could be assumed that the conversion of abandoned mule tracks, paths, and ropeways would not only help preserve a healthy Alpine environment but would also contribute to control these phenomena. Furthermore, it would be a way of giving new use to the historical infrastructures that played such an important role in the early 1900s, recognizing in this way their historical value. The transformation of the Alpine landscape and the building of the infrastructures involved all the lines of the front which were located on the mountains. Therefore, the choice of the Asiago Plateau, a portion of the Venetian Prealps comprised between the provinces of Vicenza and Trento, is just paradigmatic, namely, it reflects the features of a more widespread situation. However, the laws promoted by the Italian state have, as their objective, the recovery and maintenance of forts, trenches and buildings of historical value, but do not include the mountain territory that surrounds them. Therefore, reusing the infrastructures from the First World War would allow the whole landscape to be kept active.

scholarly journals ‘The Futurist mountains’: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's experiences of mountain combat in the First World War

Modern Italy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Daly
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
General Public ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
Alpine Landscape ◽  
Newspaper Articles

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's first experience of active combat was as a member of the Lombard Battalion of Volunteer Cyclists and Motorists in the autumn of 1915, when he fought in the mountains of Trentino at the border of Italy and Austria-Hungary. This article examines his experience of mountain combat and how he communicated aspects of it both to specialist, Futurist audiences and to the general public and soldiers, through newspaper articles, manifestos, ‘words-in-freedom’ drawings, speeches and essays written between 1915 and 1917. Marinetti's aim in all of these wartime writings was to gain maximum support for the Futurist movement. Thus, he adapted his views to suit his audience, at times highlighting the superiority of the Futurist volunteers over the Alpine soldiers and at others seeking to distance Futurism from middle-class intellectualism in order to appeal to the ordinary soldier. Marinetti interpreted the war's relationship with the natural environment through an exclusively Futurist lens. He sought to ‘futurise’ the Alpine landscape in an effort to reconcile the urban and technophilic philosophy of his movement with the realities of combat in the isolated, rural and primitive mountains of Trentino.

Socio-political and confessional preconditions of the birth of the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church in Western Ukraine (20-30 years of the twentieth century)

2000 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
R. Soloviy
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
First World

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.

Ale na razie tu cisza” – fotografie sprzed katastrofy w wybranych zapisach literackich (Stefan Chwin, Ryszard Kapuściński, Wisława Szymborska)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
First World War ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.

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