Is the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion Mainly a By-Product of Petter’s Rule?

The horizontal-vertical (HV) illusion is a classical example of an asymmetrical perception of size in the vertical and horizontal axes, also known as ‘anisotropy of the perceived space’. Several authors argued that the horizontally-oriented ellipse of the binocular visual field might play an important role in the emergence of this illusion. Alternatively, a length bisection bias and size-constancy mechanisms have been advocated to account for the asymmetrical perception in the two dimensions. To investigate this phenomenon, participants are commonly required to estimate the length of two separate lines, one vertical and one horizontal, often arranged in an inverted-T pattern. Here we suggest that this type of stimulus may introduce physical and subjective biases that prevent a fine investigation. In particular, we believe that Petter’s rule, that applies to two-dimensional patterns formed by two overlapping surfaces, may play a critical role that will not support an interpretation based on the shape of the binocular visual field nor a length bisection bias.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Association between rates of binocular visual field loss and vision-related quality of life in patients with glaucoma.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718299446.793491792 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Brian Ang

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Visual Field ◽

Visual Field Loss ◽

Related Quality ◽

Binocular Visual Field

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Urbanicity, City Delegations, and Two-Dimensional Liberalism

10.1093/oso/9780190668877.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas K. Ogorzalek

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Political Order ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Local Institutions ◽

Horizontal Integration ◽

National Politics ◽

United Front ◽

Strategies For Success

This theoretical chapter develops the argument that the conditions of cities—large, densely populated, heterogeneous communities—generate distinctive governance demands supporting (1) market interventions and (2) group pluralism. Together, these positions constitute the two dimensions of progressive liberalism. Because of the nature of federalism, such policies are often best pursued at higher levels of government, which means that cities must present a united front in support of city-friendly politics. Such unity is far from assured on the national level, however, because of deep divisions between and within cities that undermine cohesive representation. Strategies for success are enhanced by local institutions of horizontal integration developed to address the governance demands of urbanicity, the effects of which are felt both locally and nationally in the development of cohesive city delegations and a unified urban political order capable of contending with other interests and geographical constituencies in national politics.

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Rheology of dense granular flows in two dimensions: Comparison of fully two-dimensional flows to unidirectional shear flow

Physical Review Fluids ◽

10.1103/physrevfluids.3.062301 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ashish Bhateja ◽

Devang V. Khakhar

Keyword(s):

Shear Flow ◽

Granular Flows ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Dense Granular Flows ◽

Two Dimensional Flows

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Interface Roughening in Two Dimensions

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/s10955-021-02738-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 182 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Gernot Münster ◽

Manuel Cañizares Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Field Theory ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Capillary Wave ◽

System Size ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Wave Approximation ◽

Statistical Field ◽

Statistical Field Theory ◽

Interface Roughening

AbstractRoughening of interfaces implies the divergence of the interface width w with the system size L. For two-dimensional systems the divergence of $$w^2$$ w 2 is linear in L. In the framework of a detailed capillary wave approximation and of statistical field theory we derive an expression for the asymptotic behaviour of $$w^2$$ w 2 , which differs from results in the literature. It is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.

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Is contact angle a cause or an effect? – A cautionary tale

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202014603004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 146 ◽

pp. 03004

Author(s):

Douglas Ruth

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Solid Surface ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Flow In Porous Media ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fluid Drop ◽

Surrounding Fluid

The most influential parameter on the behavior of two-component flow in porous media is “wettability”. When wettability is being characterized, the most frequently used parameter is the “contact angle”. When a fluid-drop is placed on a solid surface, in the presence of a second, surrounding fluid, the fluid-fluid surface contacts the solid-surface at an angle that is typically measured through the fluid-drop. If this angle is less than 90°, the fluid in the drop is said to “wet” the surface. If this angle is greater than 90°, the surrounding fluid is said to “wet” the surface. This definition is universally accepted and appears to be scientifically justifiable, at least for a static situation where the solid surface is horizontal. Recently, this concept has been extended to characterize wettability in non-static situations using high-resolution, two-dimensional digital images of multi-component systems. Using simple thought experiments and published experimental results, many of them decades old, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not primary parameters – their values depend on many other parameters. Using these arguments, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not the cause of wettability behavior but the effect of wettability behavior and other parameters. The result of this is that the contact angle cannot be used as a primary indicator of wettability except in very restricted situations. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that even for the simple case of a capillary interface in a vertical tube, attempting to use simply a two-dimensional image to determine the contact angle can result in a wide range of measured values. This observation is consistent with some published experimental results. It follows that contact angles measured in two-dimensions cannot be trusted to provide accurate values and these values should not be used to characterize the wettability of the system.

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Two-dimensional metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes): preparation, property, and applications in cancer therapy

Nanophotonics ◽

10.1515/nanoph-2019-0550 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2125-2145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lu Ming Dong ◽

Cui Ye ◽

Lin Lin Zheng ◽

Zhong Feng Gao ◽

Fan Xia

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Critical Role ◽

High Specific Surface Area ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Metal Carbides ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Two Dimensional Materials ◽

Size And Morphology

AbstractTransition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), which comprise a rapidly growing family of two-dimensional materials, have attracted extensive attention of the scientific community, owing to its unique characteristics of high specific surface area, remarkable biocompatibility, and versatile applications. Exploring different methods to tune the size and morphology of MXenes plays a critical role in their practical applications. In recent years, MXenes have been demonstrated as promising nanomaterials for cancer therapy with substantial performances, which not only are helpful to clarify the mechanism between properties and morphologies but also bridge the gap between MXene nanotechnology and forward-looking applications. In this review, recent progress on the preparation and properties of MXenes are summarized. Further applications in cancer therapy are also discussed. Finally, the current opportunities and future perspective of MXenes are described.

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Calderón problem for Maxwell's equations in two dimensions

Journal of Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems ◽

10.1515/jiip-2015-0042 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Oleg Y. Imanuvilov ◽

Masahiro Yamamoto

Keyword(s):

Maxwell’S Equations ◽

Maxwell Equations ◽

Maxwell's Equations ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Global Uniqueness ◽

Calderón Problem ◽

Dirichlet To Neumann Map

AbstractWe prove the global uniqueness in determination of the conductivity, the permeability and the permittivity of the two-dimensional Maxwell equations by the partial Dirichlet-to-Neumann map limited to an arbitrary subboundary.

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Estimates of critical percolation probabilities for a set of two-dimensional lattices

Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ◽

10.1017/s0305004100050325 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 97-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. G. Neal

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Critical Percolation ◽

Site Percolation

AbstractThis paper describes new detailed Monte Carlo investigations into bond and site percolation problems on the set of eleven regular and semi-regular (Archimedean) lattices in two dimensions.

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