scholarly journals Fast and Environment-Friendly GC-MS Method for Eleven Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Air, Dust, and Skin Wipes

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Chung-Yu Chen ◽  
Yu-Hsuan Liu ◽  
Chia-Hui Chieh ◽  
Wei-Hsiang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Real Samples ◽  
The Real

Organophosphorus based flame retardants (OPFRs) extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane have been garnering interest due to the possibility that these compounds may have less significant impact on human and environmental health. Long pretreatment time, larger consumption of organic solvents, matrix interferents, and cross-contamination were found in previous studies while assessing OPFRs in indoor environments. We developed and optimized the extraction methods and simultaneous analysis of 11 OPFRs in indoor air, dust and skin wipe samples using the GC-MS approach. The proposed methods were validated using a standard addition approach, dust SRM 2585 and the real samples. Our procedures enabled the analyst to effectively limit coextracted interferences and simultaneous analytical methods of 11 target OPFRs for three matrices were achieved. The validation was performed according to standard guidelines (relative errors were identified by the analytes: −19% to 18% for indoor air, −11% to 14% for house dust, −15% to 16% for skin wipe). Good practices for quality assurance and quality control were well stated. The current high-Eco-scored methods could be categorized as “an excellent green analysis”. All analytes for the target OPFRs were detected in the real samples of indoor air, house dust and skin wipe collected from ten Taiwanese homes. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the most abundant OPFRs. Rapid, green and cost-effective GC-MS methods were developed and validated for the analysis of eleven OPFRs in indoor air, house dust and skin wipes.

scholarly journals Emerging and Legacy Organic Halogenated Pollutants in Indoor Dusts

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Giulia Simonetti ◽  
Elisa Sonego ◽  
Federica Castellani ◽  
Patrizia Di Filippo ◽  
Carmela Riccardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Dust Collection ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Halogenated Pollutants ◽  
Emerging Organic Pollutants

In indoor environments, the concentration of halogenated organic pollutants in dust can be high due to the presence of products treated with these chemicals. In this study, we monitored emerging organic pollutants, such as novel brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and some perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), together with legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in settled dust collected in five different (domestic and occupational) environments. In workplaces, a high incidence of PCBs, PBDEs and nBFRs occurred. Dust collection represents a simple, fast and cost-effective sampling and dust contamination level can be a useful indicator of environment healthiness.

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecanes and organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust samples from Portugal

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 4961
Author(s):  
Sónia D. Coelho ◽  
Ana Catarina Sousa ◽  
António J.A. Nogueira ◽  
Joon-Woo Kim ◽  
Tomohiko Isobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Dust ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants

scholarly journals Development of Green and Efficient Extraction Methods of Quercetin from Red Onion Scales Wastes Using Factorial Design for Method Optimization: A Comparative Study

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Heba-Alla H. Abd-ElSalam ◽  
Mohammed Gamal ◽  
Ibrahim A. Naguib ◽  
Medhat A. Al-Ghobashy ◽  
Hala E. Zaazaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Method Optimization ◽  
Efficient Extraction

Waste resulting from edible plants is considered one of the best sources of valuable phytochemicals. A promising approach for using these appreciated wastes is extracting precious medically important constituents, for example, free quercetin. Two new cost-effective and green extraction methods are introduced in the present study: ultrasound-assisted glycerol extraction (UAGE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). These extraction protocols are optimized using factorial design to define the highest yield of extraction, and HPLC-UV at 370 nm was used as a method of yield analysis. Quercetin remained stable during the whole process in both extraction protocols. A standard addition technique was performed to quantify quercetin in different extracts and eliminate the matrix effect. In UAGE and MAE, extraction yields were 16.55 ± 0.81 and 27.20 ± 1.55 mg/1g from red onion scales on a dry base, respectively. The amount of quercetin extracted using MAE was superior to UAGE in terms of time and yield. A greenness assessment of the offered studies compared to previously published relevant extraction methods was performed using the analytical eco-scale assessment method (ESA) and national environmental methods index (NEMI). MAE showed to be a greener method with a higher ESA score and a greener NEMI pictogram.

scholarly journals Brominated Flame Retardants in Children’s Room: Concentration, Composition, and Health Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6421
Author(s):  
Douha Bannan ◽  
Nadeem Ali ◽  
Nabil A. Alhakamy ◽  
Mohamed A. Alfaleh ◽  
Waleed S. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Brominated Flame Retardants ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Household Dust ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Bde 209

Children spend most of their daily time indoors. Many of the items used indoors, such as furniture, electronics, textile, and children toys, are treated with chemicals to provide longevity and fulfil the safety standards. However, many chemicals added to these products are released into the environment during leaching out from the treated products. Many studies have reported brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments; however, few have focused on environments specified for young children. In this study, paired air (PM10) and dust samples were collected from the rooms (n = 30) of Saudi children. These samples were analyzed for different congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and three important alternative flame retardants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) was the most important analyzed BFR in dust and PM10 samples with a median value of 3150 ng/g of dust and 75 pg/m3. This indicates the wider application of BDE 209 has implications for its occurrence, although its use has been regulated for specified uses since 2014. Among alternative BFRs, 2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were found with a median levels of 10, 15 and 8 ng/g of dust, respectively. However, alternative BFRs were present in <50% of the PM10 samples. The calculated long term and daily exposures via indoor dust and PM10 of Saudi children from their rooms were well below the respective reference dose (RfD) values. Nonetheless, the study highlights BDE 209 at higher levels than previously reported from household dust in Saudi Arabia. The study warrants further extensive research to estimate the different classes of chemical exposure to children from their rooms.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of Inhaled Or Ingested PFOA Adsorbed To House Dust

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Maria Gustafsson ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
Per Gerde ◽  
Åke Bergman ◽  
Leo W. Y. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Dust Sample ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Organofluorine Compounds ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Systemic Distribution ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Indoor environments may impact human health due to chemical pollutants in the indoor air and house dust. This study aimed at comparing the bioavailability and distribution of PFOA following both an inhalation and an oral exposure to PFOA coated house dust in rats. In addition, extractable organofluorine (EOF) was measured in different tissue samples to assess any potential influence of other organofluorine compounds in the experimental house dust. Blood samples were collected at sequential time points after exposure and at the time of termination; lung, liver and kidney were collected for quantification of PFOA and EOF. The concentration of PFOA in plasma increased rapidly in both exposure groups attaining a Cmax at 3 h post exposure. The Cmax following inhalation was four times higher compared to oral exposures. At 48 h post exposure, the levels of PFOA in plasma, liver and kidney were twice as high from inhalation exposures. This shows that PFOA is readily bioavailable and has a rapid systemic distribution following an inhalation- or oral exposure to house dust coated with PFOA. The proportion of PFOA to EOF corresponded to approximately 54-68% and >80% in plasma and tissues, respectively. The mass balance between EOF and target PFOA indicate that there might be other unknown PFAS precursor and/or fluorinated compounds that co-existed in the house dust sample that might have accumulated in rats.

Determination of brominated flame retardants in Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Olukunle ◽  
O. J. Okonkwo ◽  
K. K. Kefeni ◽  
M. Lupankwa
Keyword(s):  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Brominated Flame Retardants ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water And Sediment

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid–liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22% and 126.6 ± 1.94%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01%–124.78 ± 3.78% (n = 3) and for sediment (73–114%, with an RSD &lt;17%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g−1 dry weight for Σ11 BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Fromme ◽  
Wolfgang Körner ◽  
Nabil Shahin ◽  
Antonia Wanner ◽  
Michael Albrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Diet Study
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