scholarly journals Addressing Urban Sprawl from the Complexity Sciences

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martí Bosch ◽  
Jérôme Chenal ◽  
Stéphane Joost
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Spatial Metrics ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Complexity Sciences ◽  
Approaches To Study

Urban sprawl is nowadays a pervasive topic that is subject of a contentious debate among planners and researchers, who still fail to reach consensual solutions. This paper reviews controversies of the sprawl debate and argues that they owe to a failure of the employed methods to appraise its complexity, especially the notion that urban form emerges from multiple overlapping interactions between households, firms and governmental bodies. To address such issues, this review focuses on recent approaches to study urban spatial dynamics from the perspective of the complexity sciences. Firstly, spatial metrics from landscape ecology provide means of quantifying urban sprawl in terms of increasing fragmentation and diversity of land use patches. Secondly, cellular automata and agent-based models suggest that the prevalence of urban sprawl and fragmentation at the urban fringe emerge from negative spatial interaction between residential agents, which seem accentuated as the agent’s preferences become more heterogeneous. Then, the review turns to practical applications that employ such models to spatially inform urban planning and assess future scenarios. A concluding discussion summarizes potential contributions to the debate on urban sprawl as well as some epistemological implications.

Modelling urban form: A multidimensional typology of urban occupation for spatial analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Abrantes ◽  
Jorge Rocha ◽  
Eduarda Marques da Costa ◽  
Eduardo Gomes ◽  
Paulo Morgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Spatial Metrics ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Geographical Scale ◽  
Self Organising Map

The conceptual and methodological debate on urban form has grown in the last decades to recognize that social, economic, demographic and political processes can contribute to the development of new urban forms, especially those related to urban sprawl, as well as to find alternative methodologies for measuring them. Spatial metrics derived from landscape ecology arise as principal indicators to measure urban form. This paper proposes a typology of the urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities. It uses land use/cover data from 1990 and 2006 to extract built-up areas, and it presents five spatial metrics alongside seventeen statistical indicators from 1991 to 2011 most commonly used in the literature to characterize urban occupation. It uses a self-organising map as a visual tool to identify trends and relationships among variables and to cluster municipalities. Based on the self-organising map’s visual clustering, six types of urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities are proposed. In addition, the paper discusses the added value of using indicators that describe both the patterns and the characteristics of the municipalities for making spatial planning decisions in Portugal. The observed results show that spatial metrics are particularly adequate for measuring peri-urban municipalities (urban sprawl areas). These results represent the first multidimensional and systematic analysis of Portuguese urban occupation and they can be the first step in the integration of spatial metrics as indicators that are suitable for the analysis of spatial planning, and also for comparative purposes at a broader geographical scale.

scholarly journals Morphological Change of Dhaka City Over a Period of 55 Years: A Case Study of Two Wards

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayes Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Rakibul Hasan Raj ◽  
KM Maniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Morphologic Change ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
The Many

Dhaka City has undergone radical changes in its physical form, not only by territorial expansion, but also through internal physical transformations over the last decades. These have created entirely new kinds of fabric. With these changes, the elements of urban form have changed. Plots and open spaces have been transformed into building areas, open squares into car parks, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built-up lands etc. This research has its general interest in the morphologic change of Dhaka City. It focuses on the spatial dynamics of urban growth of Dhaka over the last 55 years from 1952-2007. In the research, the transformation of urban form has been examined through space syntax. The aim behind using this technique is to describe aspects of relationships between the morphological structure of man-made environments and social structures and events. To conduct this research, Wards 49 and 72 of Dhaka City Corporation were selected as the study areas, of which Ward 72 is an indigenous and Ward 49 is a planned type of settlement. Being a planned residential area, the syntactic measures from this morphological analysis are showing quite unchanged and high values in all phases for Ward 49 and the physical characteristics of Ward 72 (Old Dhaka) still represent the past. The syntactic values are found to be higher for Ward 72 and than Ward 49. Higher values indicate that the street network is highly connective among each other. Time affects differently the layout of cities and the architecture of buildings. Of the many human creations, street systems are among the most resistant to change. This has been emphasized in this study, thereby facilitating the comparison of urban layouts across space and time. The interpretation of history in the light of quantitative accounts, as demonstrated in this study, will be of value to urban planners and urban designers for the future planning of modern Dhaka City.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9554  Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 30-38

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF URBAN SPRAWL USING SHANNON’S ENTROPY AND FRACTAL ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF ATAKUM, ILKADIM AND CANIK (SAMSUN, TURKEY)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya OZTURK
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Fractal Analysis ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Shannon’S Entropy ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
Shannon's Entropy ◽  
Box Counting

Urban sprawl is one of the most important problems in urban development due to its negative environmental and societal impacts. Therefore, the spatial pattern of urban growth should be accurately analyzed and well understood for effective urban planning. This paper focuses on urban sprawl analysis in the Atakum, Ilkadim and Canik districts of Samsun, Turkey. In this study, urban sprawl was examined over a period of 24 years using Shannon's entropy and fractal analysis based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The built-up areas in 1989, 2000 and 2013 were extracted from Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images using the maximum likelihood classification method, and urban form changes in the 1989–2013 period were investigated. The Shannon's entropy method was used to determine the degree of urban sprawl, and a fractal analysis method based on box counting was used to characterize the urban sprawl. The results show that Atakum, Ilkadim and Canik experienced important changes and have considerable sprawl and complex characteristics now. The study also revealed that there is no monotonic relationship between Shannon's entropy and fractal dimension.

An Approach to Solving Spatial-Allocation Models with Constraints

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
I N Williams
Keyword(s):  
Urban Economics ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Spatial Allocation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range

This paper introduces a loose-knit family of spatial-allocation models, which locate entities in two-dimensional space, based on a general framework which merges an input—output type model with a spatial-interaction type model. Explicit attention is paid to the solution and interpretation of constraints on the subtotals generated within these models. In this way a link is forged between the fields of land-use modelling and urban economics. One efficient method of solving a particular form of spatial-allocation model is described in detail and some characteristics of this and alternative approaches are discussed. Four practical applications of the spatial-allocation model framework are outlined to demonstrate its wide range of usefulness in representing spatial-location processes.

scholarly journals Agent-Based Modeling of Temporal and Spatial Dynamics in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1507-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Ruqun Wu ◽  
Xiaomeng Li ◽  
Defne Apul ◽  
Victoria Breeze ◽  
Ying Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Arcology, Arcosanti and the Green Urbanism Vision

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
The Past ◽  
Green Urbanism ◽  
Pedestrian Transportation ◽  
The City ◽  
Central Arizona

Arcosanti is a prototype city being built based on the visionary architect Paolo Soleri’s principles of Arcology which integrates architecture with ecology. Arcology proposes a compact three-dimensional urban form to provide a lean alternative to the unsustainable urban sprawl city form found in most of America. In its reduction of dependence on the automobile, reliance on pedestrian transportation, proximity to nature and proposal to have agriculture integrated into the city, Arcology is a vision of Green Urbanism. The design of Arcosanti incorporates Biophilic principles that preserve the biodiverse natural landscape, has a compact organic form, and functions with a circular metabolism that is analogous to nature when complete. Arcosanti, located in central Arizona, was begun in 1970 as an urban laboratory, and has been constructed by over 7,000 workshop volunteers over the past 45 years. Following Soleri's death in 2013, the Cosanti Foundation has established a Strategic Planning Steering Committee to help guide the continued development of Arcosanti as a prototype Arcology. The Strategic Plan will provide a framework for future organization and development. This article examines how the concept of Arcology and the development of the Arcosanti prototype encompasses principles of Green Urbanism and sustainable development.

Spatial metrics of urban form

2018 ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Chenghe Guan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Metrics

A Remote Sensing Based Calibration Framework for the MOLAND Urban Growth Model of Dublin

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Van de Voorde ◽  
Johannes van der Kwast ◽  
Frank Canters ◽  
Guy Engelen ◽  
Marc Binard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Spatial Metrics ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Land-use change models are useful tools for assessing and comparing the environmental impact of alternative policy scenarios. Their increasing popularity as spatial planning instruments also poses new scientific challenges, such as correctly calibrating the model. The challenge in model calibration is twofold: obtaining a reliable and consistent time series of land-use information and finding suitable measures to compare model output to reality. Both of these issues are addressed in this paper. The authors propose a model calibration framework that is supported by information on urban form and function derived from medium-resolution remote sensing data through newly developed spatial metrics. The remote sensing derived maps are compared to model output of the same date for two model scenarios using well-known spatial metrics. Results demonstrate a good resemblance between the simulation output and the remote sensing derived maps.

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