spatial metrics
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

136
(FIVE YEARS 39)

H-INDEX

26
(FIVE YEARS 3)

Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Brenton A. Maisel ◽  
Misung Yi ◽  
Amy R. Peck ◽  
Yunguang Sun ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hooke ◽  
...  

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote progression of breast cancer and other solid malignancies via immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic effects. Tumor-promoting TAMs tend to express M2-like macrophage markers, including CD163. Histopathological assessments suggest that the density of CD163-positive TAMs within the tumor microenvironment is associated with reduced efficacy of chemotherapy and unfavorable prognosis. However, previous analyses have required research-oriented pathologists to visually enumerate CD163+ TAMs, which is both laborious and subjective and hampers clinical implementation. Objective, operator-independent image analysis methods to quantify TAM-associated information are needed. In addition, since M2-like TAMs exert local effects on cancer cells through direct juxtacrine cell-to-cell interactions, paracrine signaling, and metabolic factors, we hypothesized that spatial metrics of adjacency of M2-like TAMs to breast cancer cells will have further information value. Immunofluorescence histo-cytometry of CD163+ TAMs was performed retrospectively on tumor microarrays of 443 cases of invasive breast cancer from patients who subsequently received adjuvant chemotherapy. An objective and automated algorithm was developed to phenotype CD163+ TAMs and calculate their density within the tumor stroma and derive several spatial metrics of interaction with cancer cells. Shorter progression-free survival was associated with a high density of CD163+ TAMs, shorter median cancer-to-CD163+ nearest neighbor distance, and a high number of either directly adjacent CD163+ TAMs (within juxtacrine proximity <12 μm to cancer cells) or communicating CD163+ TAMs (within paracrine communication distance <250 μm to cancer cells) after multivariable adjustment for clinical and pathological risk factors and correction for optimistic bias due to dichotomization.


2022 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 105812
Author(s):  
Serhat Cengiz ◽  
Sevgi Görmüş ◽  
Dicle Oğuz

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly E. Law ◽  
Logan T. Berner ◽  
Polly C. Buotte ◽  
David J. Mildrexler ◽  
William J. Ripple

AbstractForest preservation is crucial for protecting biodiversity and mitigating climate change. Here we assess current forest preservation in the western United States using spatial data and find that beyond the 18.9% (17.5 Mha) currently protected, an additional 11.1% (10.3 Mha) is needed to achieve 30% preservation by 2030 (30 × 30). To help meet this regional preservation target, we developed a framework that prioritizes forestlands for preservation using spatial metrics of biodiversity and/or carbon within each ecoregion. We show that meeting this preservation target would lead to greater protection of animal and tree species habitat, current carbon stocks, future carbon accumulation, and forests that are important for surface drinking water. The highest priority forestlands are primarily owned by the federal government, though substantial areas are also owned by private entities and state and tribal governments. Establishing Strategic Forest Reserves would help protect biodiversity and carbon for climate adaptation and mitigation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12852
Author(s):  
John B. Vogler ◽  
Jelena Vukomanovic

Accelerations in population growth and urban expansion are transforming landscapes worldwide and represent a major sustainability challenge. In the United States, land conversion to impervious surfaces has outpaced population increases, yet there are few spatial metrics of urbanization and per capita land change available nationwide for assessing local to regional trends in human footprint. We quantified changes (2000–2010) in housing density, imperviousness, per capita land consumption, and land-use efficiency for block groups of the contiguous U.S. and examined national patterns and variation in these metrics along the urban–rural gradient and by megaregion. Growth in housing (+13.6%) and impervious development (+10.7%) resulted in losses of rural lands, primarily due to exurbanization and suburbanization. Mean per capita consumption increased in all density classes but was over 8.5 times greater in rural lands than in exurban, suburban, and urban areas. Urban and suburban areas had significantly lower mean consumption, yet change was unsustainable in 60% of these areas. Megaregions across the sprawling Sun Belt, spanning from Arizona to North Carolina, grew most unsustainably, especially compared to regions in the Pacific Northwest and Front Range. This work establishes 21st-century benchmarks that decision-makers can use to track local and regional per capita land change and sustainable growth in the U.S.; however, these metrics of the form, extent, rate, and efficiency of urbanization can be applied anywhere concurrent built-up area and population data are available over time. Our web mapping application allows anyone to explore spatial and temporal trends in human footprint and download metrics, and it is designed to be easily updatable with future releases of validated developed land cover, protected areas, and decennial Census data.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Sueur ◽  
Lison Martinet ◽  
Benjamin Beltzung ◽  
Marie Pelé

Abstract Figurative drawing is a skill that takes time to learn, and evolves during different childhood phases that begin with scribbling and end with representational drawing. Between these phases, it is difficult to assess when and how children demonstrate intentions and representativeness in their drawings. The marks produced are increasingly goal-oriented and efficient as the child’s skills progress from scribbles to figurative drawings. Pre-figurative activities provide an opportunity to focus on drawing processes. We applied fourteen metrics to two different datasets (N = 65 and N = 345) to better understand the intentional and representational processes behind drawing, and combined these metrics using principal component analysis (PCA) in different biologically significant dimensions. Three dimensions were identified: efficiency based on spatial metrics, diversity with colour metrics, and temporal sequentiality. The metrics at play in each dimension are similar for both datasets, and PCA explains 77% of the variance in both datasets. These analyses differentiate scribbles by children from those drawn by adults. The three dimensions highlighted by this study provide a better understanding of the emergence of intentions and representativeness in drawings. We have already discussed the perspectives of such findings in Comparative Psychology and Evolutionary Anthropology.


Author(s):  
Roberto Martinez-Maldonado ◽  
Vanessa Echeverria ◽  
Katerina Mangaroska ◽  
Antonette Shibani ◽  
Gloria Fernandez-Nieto ◽  
...  

Teachers’ spatial behaviours in the classroom can strongly influence students’ engagement, motivation and other behaviours that shape their learning. However, classroom teaching behav-iour is ephemeral, and has largely remained opaque to computational analysis. This paper presents a library called ‘Moodoo’ that can serve to automatically model how teachers make use of the classroom space by analysing indoor positioning traces. The system automatically ex-tracts spatial metrics (e.g. teacher-student ratios, frequency of visits to students’ personal spaces, presence in classroom spaces of interest, index of dispersion and entropy), mapping from the teachers’ low-level positioning data to higher-order spatial constructs.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Holth ◽  
S Meekings ◽  
Marc Aurel Schnabel ◽  
Tane Moleta

Architects work with data daily. Spatial metrics, building codes and client requirements form the main considerations for many designers, yet new layers of data are impacting the way cities and inhabitants interact with each. This data can be used to more effectively analyse and predict patterns and behaviors to produce environments better suited to users.This paper reviews a selection of ideas from across digital architectural discourse by discussing tangible outcomes from a practitioner point of view and advocates for a greater integration of this digital cultural context into the design process. This paper considers a city-wide digital logic, rather than a new-age technological zeitgeist, that is as much a part of a city as its buildings are and through this provides a lens into our environment and devices that can be used to influence design at multiple scales.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Holth ◽  
S Meekings ◽  
Marc Aurel Schnabel ◽  
Tane Moleta

Architects work with data daily. Spatial metrics, building codes and client requirements form the main considerations for many designers, yet new layers of data are impacting the way cities and inhabitants interact with each. This data can be used to more effectively analyse and predict patterns and behaviors to produce environments better suited to users.This paper reviews a selection of ideas from across digital architectural discourse by discussing tangible outcomes from a practitioner point of view and advocates for a greater integration of this digital cultural context into the design process. This paper considers a city-wide digital logic, rather than a new-age technological zeitgeist, that is as much a part of a city as its buildings are and through this provides a lens into our environment and devices that can be used to influence design at multiple scales.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document