scholarly journals The Microvillar and Solitary Chemosensory Cells as the Novel Targets of Infection of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian Golden Hamsters

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Jin-Seok Seo ◽  
Sun-Woo Yoon ◽  
Seung-Hyeon Hwang ◽  
Sung-Min Nam ◽  
Sang-Soep Nahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽  
Solitary Chemosensory Cells ◽  
Cellular Components

Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, suffer from respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Among these symptoms, the loss of smell has attracted considerable attention. The objectives of this study were to determine which cells are infected, what happens in the olfactory system after viral infection, and how these pathologic changes contribute to olfactory loss. For this purpose, Syrian golden hamsters were used. First, we verified the olfactory structures in the nasal cavity of Syrian golden hamsters, namely the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and their cellular components. Second, we found angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, a receptor protein of SARS-CoV-2, in both structures and infections of supporting, microvillar, and solitary chemosensory cells. Third, we observed pathological changes in the infected epithelium, including reduced thickness of the mucus layer, detached epithelia, indistinct layers of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells in the overall layers. We concluded that a structurally and functionally altered microenvironment influences olfactory function. We observed the regeneration of the damaged epithelium, and found multilayers of basal cells, indicating that they were activated and proliferating to reconstitute the injured epithelium.

scholarly journals Transient Effects of Cyclophosphamide on Basal Cell Proliferation of Olfactory Epithelia

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 549-561
Author(s):  
Kyle B Joseph ◽  
Nora Awadallah ◽  
Eugene R Delay ◽  
Rona J Delay
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Horizontal Basal Cells

Abstract Cancer is often treated with broad-spectrum cytotoxic drugs that not only eradicate cancerous cells but also have detrimental side effects. One of these side effects, disruption of the olfactory system, impedes a patient’s ability to smell, perceive flavor, and ultimately may interfere with their nutritional intake and recovery from cancer. Recent studies reported that the chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide (CYP), can damage gustatory epithelia and disrupt cell proliferation in olfactory epithelia. In this study, we asked if CYP altered globose and horizontal basal cell proliferation in the murine main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO). We used antibodies for Ki67, a marker strictly associated with cell proliferation, and Keratin 5, a marker for the cytoskeleton of horizontal basal cells. Our results revealed a significant CYP-induced decrease in the number of proliferative cells in both epithelia, especially globose basal cells in the MOE, within the first 1–2 days postinjection. Recovery of cell renewal was apparent 6 days after injection. The immunohistochemical markers showed significantly higher levels of globose and horizontal basal cell proliferation in CYP-injected mice at 14 and 30 days postinjection compared with control mice. The prolonged proliferative activation of globose and horizontal basal cells suggests that, besides altering proliferation of olfactory epithelia, the epithelial substrate needed for successful cell renewal may be adversely affected by CYP.

scholarly journals Stomach ulcers in vitamin A-deficient syrian golden hamsters.

1982 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
Takanori HARADA ◽  
Shigeto YAMASHIRO ◽  
Paul D. MEADE ◽  
Parvathi K. BASRUR ◽  
Keizo MAITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽  
Stomach Ulcers

scholarly journals Cyclophosphamide has Long-Term Effects on Proliferation in Olfactory Epithelia

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Nora Awadallah ◽  
Kara Proctor ◽  
Kyle B Joseph ◽  
Eugene R Delay ◽  
Rona J Delay
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Taste System ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Sensory Layer ◽  
Chemotherapy Patients

Abstract Chemotherapy patients often experience chemosensory changes during and after drug therapy. The chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide (CYP), has known cytotoxic effects on sensory and proliferating cells of the taste system. Like the taste system, cells in the olfactory epithelia undergo continuous renewal. Therefore, we asked if a single injection of 75 mg/kg CYP would affect cell proliferation in the anterior dorsomedial region of the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) from 0 to 125 days after injection. Both epithelia showed a decrease in Ki67-labeled cells compared to controls at day 1 and no Ki67+ cells at day 2 postinjection. In the sensory layer of the MOE, cell proliferation began to recover 4 days after CYP injection and by 6 days, the rate of proliferation was significantly greater than controls. Ki67+ cells peaked 30 days postinjection, then declined to control levels at day 45. Similar temporal sequences of initial CYP-induced suppression of cell proliferation followed by elevated rates peaking 30–45 days postinjection were seen in the sustentacular layer of the MOE and all 3 areas (sensory, sustentacular, marginal) of the VNO. CYP affected proliferation in the sensory layer of the MOE more than the sustentacular layer and all 3 areas of the VNO. These findings suggest that chemotherapy involving CYP is capable of affecting cell renewal of the olfactory system and likely contributes to clinical loss of function during and after chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Response in Head and Neck Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3377
Author(s):  
Panagiota Economopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Kotsantis ◽  
Amanda Psyrri
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cellular Components

The tumor microenvironment (TME) encompasses cellular and non-cellular components which play an important role in tumor evolution, invasion, and metastasis. A complicated interplay between tumor cells and adjacent TME cells, such as stromal cells, immune cells, inflammatory cells, and cytokines, leads to severe immunosuppression and the proliferation of cancer cells in several solid tumors. An immunosuppressive TME has a significant impact on treatment resistance and may guide response to immunotherapy. In head and neck cancer (HNC), immunotherapeutic drugs have been incorporated in everyday clinical practice. However, despite an exceptional rate of durable responses, only a low percentage of patients respond. In this review, we will focus on the complex interactions occurring in this dynamic system, the TME, which orchestrate key events that lead to tumor progression, immune escape, and resistance. Furthermore, we will summarize current clinical trials that depict the TME as a potential therapeutic target for improved patient selection.

A chronic study of artificial sweeteners in Syrian golden hamsters

1975 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Althoff ◽  
A. Cardesa ◽  
P. Pour ◽  
P. Shubik
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽  
Chronic Study
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