scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Changes in Infiltration and Aggregate Stability: A Case Study of a Subhumid Irrigated Cropland

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Jakab ◽  
Endre Dobos ◽  
Balázs Madarász ◽  
Zoltán Szalai ◽  
Judit Alexandra Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Technical Improvement ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Precipitation Events

Climate change is increasing the occurrence of extreme precipitation events and causing irregular precipitation patterns. This occurs in parallel with the degradation of crop fields, and triggers the occurrence of pluvial floods and droughts on the same field. Consequently, irrigation must be adapted to the changing soil properties. Detailed spatial and temporal measurements of changes in infiltration are required. This study aimed to quantify changes in infiltration for a subhumid irrigated cropland with various soil types (Phaeozem, Solonetz, Chernozem) and field conditions (seedbed and stubble) by simulating rainfall. As the soil structure determines hydrology, the aggregate stability/surface roughness was tested as a proxy of infiltration through photogrammetry. The soil losses caused by precipitation did not exhibit connections to changes in the surface roughness, and lower aggregate stability did not necessarily cause lower infiltration intensities, suggesting that sedimentation could only partly seal drainage pores. The final infiltration intensities varied within a wide range (0.2–28.4 mm h−1). Seedbed preparation did not increase the volume of micropores (<10 µm), which resulted in higher infiltration under stubble. Photogrammetry was found to be a potentially useful tool for measuring aggregate stability, however, further investigations on in situ soil surfaces are required for technical improvement.

Site specific agricultural soil management with the use of new technologies

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Variation ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Areas

<p>The Soil Science Institute of Thessaloniki produces new digitized Soil Maps that provide a useful electronic database for the spatial representation of the soil variation within a region, based on in situ soil sampling, laboratory analyses, GIS techniques and plant nutrition mathematical models, coupled with the local land cadastre. The novelty of these studies is that local agronomists have immediate access to a wide range of soil information by clicking on a field parcel shown in this digital interface and, therefore, can suggest an appropriate treatment (e.g. liming, manure incorporation, desalination, application of proper type and quantity of fertilizer) depending on the field conditions and cultivated crops. A specific case study is presented in the current work with regards to the construction of the digitized Soil Map of the regional unit of Kastoria. The potential of this map can easily be realized by the fact that the mapping of the physicochemical properties of the soils in this region provided delineation zones for differential fertilization management. An experiment was also conducted using remote sensing techniques for the enhancement of the fertilization advisory software database, which is a component of the digitized map, and the optimization of nitrogen management in agricultural areas.</p>

Portable in practice: investigations using portable instrumentation for materials analysis and mapping of decorated architectural surfaces in the tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary at Herculaneum

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (33-34) ◽  
pp. 1831-1848
Author(s):  
Kiernan Graves ◽  
David Carson ◽  
Ilaria Catapano ◽  
Giacomo Chiari ◽  
Gianluca Gennarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Portable Instrumentation ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Roman Painting ◽  
Severe Deterioration ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Multi Disciplinary Team

ABSTRACTThe conservation of the architectural surfaces in the tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary at the ancient Roman site of Herculaneum is a collaborative project of the Getty Conservation Institute, the Herculaneum Conservation Project and the Soprintendenza Pompeii. The tablinum was selected as a case study given the significance, beauty, and severe deterioration of its decorated surfaces. A multi-disciplinary team with a wide range of expertise, comprised of conservators, chemists, geo-physicists, engineers, and conservation scientists, worked in partnership across a number of institutions with the objective to study the wall paintings in the tablinum. Scientists and conservators worked together to test the feasibility of portable techniques and in situ investigations to better understand Roman painting technology; identify previous restoration materials; determine the presence of alteration products; and characterize deterioration mechanisms commonly found on architectural surfaces at archaeological sites of the Vesuvian Region. The collection and interpretation of the instrumental data has been critical to the design and implementation of appropriate passive and remedial interventions to stabilize the architectural surfaces and mitigate deterioration. The paper will present the results of the investigations using portable instrumentation along with a discussion of the capabilities and limitations of each technique and the practical implications of their use for architectural surfaces on archaeological sites.

A new approach to assessing vulnerability of mountain highways subject to debris flows in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zou ◽  
Peng Cui ◽  
Gordon GD Zhou ◽  
Shusong Li ◽  
Jianxi Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Highway Infrastructure ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Precipitation Events

Mountain highways in China are located in various natural geographical areas with intense tectonic activity, steep topography and a high frequency of extreme precipitation events. These conditions make the highways vulnerable to the occurrence of multiple large debris flows simultaneously during heavy rainfall. To manage this hazard risk, a broader understanding of the hazard effects of debris flows and the vulnerability of highways is needed to reduce the losses resulting from these hazardous events. Accordingly, we analysed the effects of debris flow hazards on mountain highways and established an updated systematic indicator system to describe the vulnerability of highway infrastructure and movable hazard-affected objects. Next, we proposed a new integrated model of highway vulnerability based on the environmental sensibility, structural properties and functional effects of the highway infrastructure and on the exposure probability and quantity of movable hazard-affected objects. By analysing the characteristics of elements affected by debris flows, we developed a systematic and quantitative method of vulnerability assessment for mountain highways. Finally, this implemented method was applied to a case study in the Xiqu section of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway, an area seriously affected by debris flows during each rainy season. The hazard characteristics of disasters were analysed, and the affected highway sections were divided into four vulnerability levels. The analysis of the results indicated that the calculated vulnerability coincides with the actual effects of the disaster, which strongly suggests that the vulnerability assessment generated by the proposed method can serve as a pertinent guide for route selection, road rehabilitation and hazard mitigation of highways affected by debris flows in mountainous regions.

scholarly journals Assessing trends in extreme precipitation events intensity and magnitude using non-stationary peaks-over-threshold analysis: a case study in northeast Spain from 1930 to 2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (14) ◽  
pp. 2102-2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Beguería ◽  
Marta Angulo-Martínez ◽  
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano ◽  
J. Ignacio López-Moreno ◽  
Ahmed El-Kenawy
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Threshold Analysis ◽  
Peaks Over Threshold ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Precipitation Events

Assessment of Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events: A Case Study in Piedmont (North-West Italy)

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmi Saidi ◽  
Marzia Ciampittiello ◽  
Claudia Dresti ◽  
Giorgio Ghiglieri
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
North West ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Precipitation Events

Coarsening and Slope Selection During Crystal Growth and Etching of Ge(001)

1995 ◽  
Vol 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jay Chey ◽  
Joseph E. Van Nostrand ◽  
David G. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Low Aspect Ratio ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Slope Selection ◽  
Low Energy Ions

ABSTRACTThe evolution of surface morphology during low temperature crystal growth by molecular beam epitaxy and etching by low-energy ions is characterized by in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Epitaxial growth of Ge(001) at low temperatures in the vicinity of 155°C produces a pattern of growth mounds while etching at temperatures near 270°C produces a pattern of low aspect ratio pits. The characteristic in-plane length scale of the surface roughness d increase with a power law dependence on time but the exponent depends on temperature and process. Prior to the onset of amorphous growth, the amplitude of the surface roughness G1/2(d/2) increases more rapidly than d; i.e. the slope of the sides of the growth mounds increases with time. By contrast, the ratio of Gl/2(d/2) to d remains nearly constant during ion etching for a wide range of etching times.

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