During the development of multicellular organisms, the processes of growth and differentiation are kept in balance to generate and maintain tissues and organs of the correct size, shape and cellular composition. We have investigated the molecular controls of growth and differentiation in the
Caenorhabditis elegans
germline. A single somatic cell, called the distal tip cell, promotes mitotic proliferation in the adjacent germline by GLP–1/Notch signalling. Within the germline, the decisions between mitosis and meiosis and between spermatogenesis and oogenesis are controlled by a group of conserved RNA regulators. FBF, a member of the PUF (for Pumilio and FBF) family of RNA–binding proteins, promotes mitosis by repressing
gld–1
mRNA activity; the GLD–1, GLD–2, GLD–3 and NOS–3 proteins promote entry into meiosis by regulating mRNAs that remain unknown. The regulatory balance between opposing FBF and GLD activities is crucial for controlling the extent of germline proliferation. PUF proteins regulate germline stem cells in both
Drosophila
and
C. elegans
and are localized to germline stem cells of the mammalian testis. Therefore, this post–transcriptional regulatory switch may be an ancient mechanism for controlling maintenance of stem cells versus differentiation.
Uncovering the RNA-binding protein landscape in the pluripotency network of human embryonic stem cells
