Faculty Opinions recommendation of Working memory in the chick: parallel and lateralized mechanisms for encoding of object- and position-specific information.

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F MacNeilage
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Specific Information

scholarly journals The Impact of Interruptions on Feature Change Detection within Dynamic Scenes

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1430-1434
Author(s):  
Kimberly N. Perry ◽  
Mark W. Scerbo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Dynamic Scenes ◽  
Feature Change ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Perceptual Changes ◽  
The Impact

The goal of the present study was to examine how interruptions occurring in dynamic scenes affect the ability to detect perceptual changes during level 1 situation awareness (SA). Undergraduates were asked to watch 24 brief videos (half with interruptions) including 8 with perceptual feature changes. All videos were unique and contained multiple dynamic objects. Three different sets of instructions regarding the changes were given to successive groups: no information, limited information, and feature specific information. Of the eight changes, half occurred during a visual interruption and half with no interruption. Results showed that participants detected few changes, but detections increased when given more information about the nature of the changes in the absence of interruptions. The findings suggest that interruptions may facilitate the decay of an objects’ activation level in working memory and that level 1 SA may be particularly fragile when the visual scene is interrupted.

scholarly journals Intervention Targeting Reading and Working Memory among Struggling Readers in Primary School

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Fälth ◽  
Irma Brkovic
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Struggling Readers ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Working memory is one of our core cognitive functions. It allows us to keep information in mind for shorter periods of time, allowing us to process and work with that specific information. In this randomized control trial, the effects of a training program that combine reading training and working memory training among struggling readers aged 8-9 were investigated. 30 pupils were included in the intervention group and 17 were assigned to the control group. The intervention group received a total of 60 training sessions divided into two eight-week training periods with a four-week pause in between. The results show that children in the intervention group improved significantly better than children in the control group on eight tests: Reading comprehension, Word decoding, Nonsense-word reading, Short-term memory, Working memory, Visuospatial short-term memory, Visuospatial working memory and Working memory for words. The effect was not confirmed for Sight word seeing.

scholarly journals Gamma Oscillations Underlie the Maintenance of Feature-Specific Information and the Contents of Visual Working Memory

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 3788-3801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roosa Honkanen ◽  
Santeri Rouhinen ◽  
Sheng H. Wang ◽  
J. Matias Palva ◽  
Satu Palva
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Specific Information

scholarly journals Face Familiarity and Image-Specific Memory

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 978-987
Author(s):  
Robin S. S. Kramer ◽  
Chloe J. Berry ◽  
Alex L Jones ◽  
Georgina Gous
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
The Face ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Initial Research

Face familiarity produces advantages for both memory and matching. By developing an internal representation through repeated experience, viewers extract identity-specific information that aids subsequent recognition. However, researchers have recently argued that this process may also result in a familiarity disadvantage, whereby specific instances of the face are more difficult to remember, perhaps due to this process of prioritising identity- over image-specific information. Although previous experiments found no evidence of this disadvantage in working memory, initial research has demonstrated an effect in longer term storage. Here, we attempted to replicate this finding by focussing on the ability to learn images of a single (un)familiar identity. Our results failed to demonstrate a familiarity disadvantage while replicating the finding that familiarity influences response bias. As researchers continue to investigate how familiarity alters both internal representations and associated processes, it is important to establish which processes may or may not be affected.

Working memory in the chick: parallel and lateralized mechanisms for encoding of object- and position-specific information

2005 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Regolin ◽  
Beatrice Garzotto ◽  
Rosa Rugani ◽  
Piero Pagni ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Specific Information

scholarly journals Efficient reinforcement learning of a reservoir network model of parametric working memory achieved with a cluster population winner-take-all readout mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 3296-3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenbo Cheng ◽  
Zhidong Deng ◽  
Xiaolin Hu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Tianming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

The brain often has to make decisions based on information stored in working memory, but the neural circuitry underlying working memory is not fully understood. Many theoretical efforts have been focused on modeling the persistent delay period activity in the prefrontal areas that is believed to represent working memory. Recent experiments reveal that the delay period activity in the prefrontal cortex is neither static nor homogeneous as previously assumed. Models based on reservoir networks have been proposed to model such a dynamical activity pattern. The connections between neurons within a reservoir are random and do not require explicit tuning. Information storage does not depend on the stable states of the network. However, it is not clear how the encoded information can be retrieved for decision making with a biologically realistic algorithm. We therefore built a reservoir-based neural network to model the neuronal responses of the prefrontal cortex in a somatosensory delayed discrimination task. We first illustrate that the neurons in the reservoir exhibit a heterogeneous and dynamical delay period activity observed in previous experiments. Then we show that a cluster population circuit decodes the information from the reservoir with a winner-take-all mechanism and contributes to the decision making. Finally, we show that the model achieves a good performance rapidly by shaping only the readout with reinforcement learning. Our model reproduces important features of previous behavior and neurophysiology data. We illustrate for the first time how task-specific information stored in a reservoir network can be retrieved with a biologically plausible reinforcement learning training scheme.

scholarly journals Perceptual Comparisons Modulate Memory Biases Induced by Overlapping Visual Input

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Saito ◽  
Matthew Kolisnyk ◽  
Keisuke Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Memory Biases ◽  
Physical Similarity

Despite the active neural mechanisms that support the temporary maintenance of stimulus-specific information, visual working memory (VWM) content can be systematically biased towards novel perceptual input. These memory biases are commonly attributed to interference that arises when perceptual input is physically similar to current VWM content. However, recent work has suggested that deliberately comparing the similarity of VWM representations to novel perceptual input modulates the size of memory biases above and beyond stimulus-driven effects. Here, we sought to determine the modulatory nature of deliberate perceptual comparisons by comparing the size of memory biases following deliberate comparisons to those induced instead when novel perceptual input is ignored (Experiment 1) or encoded into VWM (Experiment 2). We find that individuals reported larger attraction biases in their VWM representation following deliberate perceptual comparisons than when they ignored or remembered the perceptual input. An analysis of participants’ perceptual comparisons revealed that memory biases were amplified when the perceptual input was endorsed as similar—but not dissimilar—to the current VWM representation. This pattern persisted even after the physical similarity between the VWM representation and perceptual input was matched across trials, confirming that perceptual comparisons themselves played a causal role in modulating memory biases. Together, these findings are consistent with the view that using a VWM representation to evaluate novel perceptual input risks exaggerating the featural overlap between them.

scholarly journals Noninvasively Decoding the Contents of Visual Working Memory in the Human Prefrontal Cortex within High-gamma Oscillatory Patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Polanía ◽  
Walter Paulus ◽  
Michael A. Nitsche
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
High Gamma ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Eeg Recordings

The temporal maintenance and subsequent retrieval of information that no longer exists in the environment is called working memory. It is believed that this type of memory is controlled by the persistent activity of neuronal populations, including the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. For a long time, it has been controversially discussed whether, in working memory, the PFC stores past sensory events or, instead, its activation is an extramnemonic source of top–down control over posterior regions. Recent animal studies suggest that specific information about the contents of working memory can be decoded from population activity in prefrontal areas. However, it has not been shown whether the contents of working memory during the delay periods can be decoded from EEG recordings in the human brain. We show that by analyzing the nonlinear dynamics of EEG oscillatory patterns it is possible to noninvasively decode with high accuracy, during encoding and maintenance periods, the contents of visual working memory information within high-gamma oscillations in the human PFC. These results are thus in favor of an active storage function of the human PFC in working memory; this, without ruling out the role of PFC in top–down processes. The ability to noninvasively decode the contents of working memory is promising in applications such as brain computer interfaces, together with computation of value function during planning and decision making processes.

scholarly journals Effects of reading goals on reading comprehension, reading rate, and allocation of working memory in children and adolescents with spina bifida meningomyelocele

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIANNE ENGLISH ◽  
MARCIA A. BARNES ◽  
JACK M. FLETCHER ◽  
MAUREEN DENNIS ◽  
KIMBERLY P. RAGHUBAR
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Word Decoding ◽  
Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele

AbstractSpina bifida meningomyelocele (SBM) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intact word decoding and deficient text and discourse comprehension. This study investigated the ability to adjust reading in accordance with specified reading goals in 79 children and adolescents with SBM (9–19 years of age) and 39 controls (8–17 years of age). Both groups demonstrated slower reading times and enhanced comprehension when reading to study or to come up with a title than when reading for specific information or for entertainment. For both groups, verbal working memory contributed to comprehension performance in those reading conditions hypothesized to require more cognitive effort. Despite their sensitivity to the goals of reading, the group with SBM answered fewer comprehension questions correctly across all reading goal conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesized cognitive underpinnings of comprehension deficits in SBM and to current models of text comprehension. (JINS, 2010, 16, 517–525.)

scholarly journals Retrospective cues mitigate information loss in human cortex during working memory storage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Ester ◽  
Asal Nouri ◽  
Laura Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Human Participants

AbstractWorking memory (WM) enables the flexible representation of information over short intervals. It is well-established that WM performance can be enhanced by a retrospective cue presented during storage, yet the neural mechanisms responsible for this benefit are unclear. Here, we tested several explanations for retro-cue benefits by quantifying changes in spatial WM representations reconstructed from alpha-band (8-12 Hz) EEG activity recorded from human participants (both sexes) before and after presentation of a retrospective cue. This allowed us to track cue-related changes in WM representations with high temporal resolution (tens of milliseconds). Participants encoded the locations of two colored discs for subsequent report. During neutral trials an uninformative cue instructed participants to remember the locations of both discs across a blank delay, and we observed a monotonic decrease in the fidelity of reconstructed spatial WM representations with time. During valid trials a 100% reliable cue indicated the color of the disc participants would be probed to report. Critically, valid cues were presented immediately after termination of the encoding display (“valid early”, or VE trials) or midway through the delay period (“valid late” or VL trials). During VE trials the gradual loss of location-specific information observed during neutral trials was eliminated, while during VL trials it was partially reversed. Our findings suggest that retro-cues engage several different mechanisms that together serve to mitigate information loss during WM storage.Significance StatementWorking memory (WM) performance can be improved by a cue presented during storage. This effect, termed a retrospective cue benefit, has been used to explore the limitations of attentional prioritization in WM. However, the mechanisms responsible for retrospective cue benefits are unclear. Here we tested several explanations for retrospective cue benefits by examining how they influence WM representations reconstructed from human EEG activity. This approach allowed us to visualize, quantify, and track the effects of retrospective cues with high temporal resolution (on the order of tens of milliseconds). We show that under different circumstances retrospective cues can both eliminate and even partially reverse information loss during WM storage, suggesting that retrospective cue benefits have manifold origins.

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