We previously isolated pseudane-VII from the secondary metabolites of Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2 in marine water, and demonstrated its anti-inflammatory efficacy on macrophages. However, the molecular mechanism by which pseudane-VII suppresses neuroinflammation has not yet been elucidated in brain microglia. Microglia is activated by immunological stimulation or brain injury. Activated microglia secrete proinflammatory mediators which damage neurons. Neuroinflammation appears to be associated with certain neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Natural compounds that suppress microglial inflammatory responses could potentially be used to prevent neurodegenerative diseases or slow their progression. In the present study, we found that pseudane-VII suppresses neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and brain. Pseudane-VII was shown to inhibit the LPS-stimulated NO, ROS production and the expression of iNOS and COX-2. To identify the signaling pathway targeted by pseudane-VII, we used western blot analysis to assess the LPS-induced phosphorylation state of p38, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). We found that pseudane-VII attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB. Moreover, administration of pseudane-VII in mice significantly reduced LPS-induced iNOS expression and microglia activation in brain. Taken together, our findings suggest that pseudane-VII may represent a potential novel target for treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
p50 Nuclear Factor-κB Overexpression in Tumor-Associated Macrophages Inhibits M1 Inflammatory Responses and Antitumor Resistance
