scholarly journals Faculty Opinions recommendation of Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system?

Author(s):  
William Shafer
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Xia ◽  
Xiaoquan Rao ◽  
Jixin Zhong

Although a critical role of adaptive immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and promoting insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Inflammatory regulation has been focused on innate immunity especially macrophage for a long time, while increasing evidence suggests T cells are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance since 2009. There was growing evidence supporting the critical implication of T cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We will discuss the available effect of T cells subsets in adaptive immune system associated with the procession of T2DM, which may unveil several potential strategies that could provide successful therapies in the future.


2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
A Guntur Hermawan

Over the past decade, sepsis has been diagnosed according to consensus guidelines established in 1991 as an infection in addition to the symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition to the previous criteria, the 2001 conference added several new diagnostic criteria for sepsis. Of particular interest was the inclusion of the biomarkers procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP), despite the overall conclusion that it was premature to use biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis. The primary recommendation of the panel was the implementation of the Predisposition, insult Infection, Response, and Organ dysfunction (PIRO).The immune system has traditionally been devided into innate and adaptive components, each of which has a different role and function in defending the host against infectious agents. Stimulation of different TLRs induces distinct patterns of gene expression, which not only leads to the activation of innate immunity but also increasing evidence supports an additional critical role for TLRs in orchestrating the development of adaptive immune responses.The superantigens are able to induce toxic shock syndrome and can sometimes cause multiple organ failure via adaptive immune system. The superantigenic activity of the bacterial exotoxins can be attributed to their ability to cross-link major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells outside the peptide groove with T-cell receptors to form a trimolecular complex. This trimolecular interaction leads to uncontrolled release of a number of proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines especially IFN-γ and TNF-α, the key cytokines causing toxic shock syndrome.KEYWORDS: sepsis, innate immunity, adaptive


2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd V. Brennan ◽  
Keri E. Lunsford ◽  
Paul C. Kuo

Studies of the immune mechanisms of allograft rejection have predominantly focused on the adaptive immune system that includes T cells and B cells. Recent investigations into the innate immune system, which recognizes foreign antigens through more evolutionarily primitive pathways, have demonstrated a critical role of the innate immune system in the regulation of the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity has been extensively studied in its role as the host's first-line defense against microbial pathogens; however, it is becoming increasingly recognized for its ability to also recognize host-derived molecules that result from tissue damage. The capacity of endogenous damage signals acting through the innate immune system to lower immune thresholds and promote immune recognition and rejection of transplant grafts is only beginning to be appreciated. An improved understanding of these pathways may reveal novel therapeutic targets to decrease graft alloreactivity and increase graft longevity.


2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Agafonova ◽  
N.I. Abaturova ◽  
V.L. Babich ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2004979
Author(s):  
Jun‐Young Park ◽  
Sung Jean Park ◽  
Jun Young Park ◽  
Sang‐Hyun Kim ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
...  

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