The evolution of trinity images to the medieval period

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
Balderstone Susan
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Abstract Ideas ◽  
Artistic Works ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

This paper investigates an association between the iconography used in artistic works and theological positions in the great debates over the nature of Christ and the Trinity. It looks at how the iconography evolved up to the medieval period with the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic churches and beyond. It is proposed that there was dogmatic intent which related to the ongoing theological debate. This is demonstrated by the chronological correlation between specific markers in the debate and changes in the way the Trinity was depicted. Acknowledged authority Andre Grabar considered that changes were due to the essential inadequacy of pictorial means to depict abstract ideas, and a striving by artists and image makers to capture them in different ways. He did not relate dated images to events in theological history, but referred to a "general confusion" of ideas in the early period due to the theological debates. However, it can be seen that there was a correlation between the chronology of the debate and iconographic development of all four main 'types' of the Trinity.

Acceptilatio. Hugo Grotius on Satisfaction

Grotiana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Johannes Magliano-Tromp
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Explicit Motivation ◽  
The Way

In 1617, Hugo Grotius had his treatise On satisfaction published. Explicitly directed against Faustus Socinus’s 1594 book On Jesus Christ as our Saviour, it purports to contribute to the confutation of the Italian scholar’s teachings, which in the Netherlands were widely regarded as utterly heretical. The way in which he perceived Socinus, however, was mainly determined by the image of Socinianism as disseminated by its detractors, foremost Sibrandus Lubbertus of Franeker. Grotius did read Socinus’s work, but not with much care, and at least unaccommodatingly. The reason for Grotius to intervene in this theological debate is often assumed to have been to vindicate his and his ecclesiastical party’s views on religion as orthodox, or at least far removed from Socinianism and other heresies. In contrast, it is proposed here to take the explicit motivation in the preface at face value, and assume that Grotius wrote it to refute Socinus on the basis of his juridical, philological, and historical errors, simply because he could, and genuinely abhorred Socinianism as he had learned to understand it.

scholarly journals Historical perspective of neurology in Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shri Kant-Mishra ◽  
Hadi Mohammad Khanli ◽  
Golnoush Akhlaghipour ◽  
Ghazaleh Ahmadi Jazi ◽  
Shaweta Khosa1
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

Iran is an ancient country, known as the cradle of civilization. The history of medicine in Iran goes back to the existence of a human in this country, divided into three periods: pre-Islamic, medieval, and modern period. There are records of different neurologic terms from the early period, while Zoroastrian (religious) prescription was mainly used until the foundation of the first medical center (Gondishapur). In the medieval period, with the conquest of Islam, prominent scientists were taught in Baghdad, like Avicenna, who referred to different neurologic diseases including stroke, paralysis, tremor, and meningitis. Several outstanding scientists developed the medical science of neurology in Iran, the work of whom has been used by other countries in the past and present. In the modern era, the Iranian Neurological Association was established with the efforts of Professor Jalal Barimani in 1991.

THE INTERACTION OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES AS AN OBJECT OF POLYPARADIGMATIC RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (103) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
TATYANA E. VLADIMIROVA
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Unity Of Language ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

The focus of this article is on the integral unity of language and culture, which predetermined the evolution of the person speaking . An appeal to the ancient holistic methodology revealed the trinity of psychological intention and speech itself in the correlation with cultural values. Consequently, teaching a foreign language, focused on active communication with native speakers, is also an object of polyparadigmatic research, which should precede the development of new teaching technologies. The undertaken consideration made it possible to single out a synergetic approach as combining the teaching of a foreign language, culture and the way of beingness formed on their basis with a personal need for self-development and self-realization.

The Divine Trinity

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
William J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Divine Action ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Attributes Of God ◽  
Vision Of God ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

The Christian vision of God is that God is three Persons in one Substance. This vision went beyond Scripture in order to do justice to Jewish monotheism, encounters with Jesus as an agent of divine action, and personal and corporate experiences of the Holy Spirit. Objections based on entanglement with Greek metaphysics and on certain feminist claims about male language fail. Loss of the Trinity involves serious impoverishment of the life and work of the church. Its continued embrace prepares the way for the exploration of the attributes of God.

scholarly journals Tertullian on the Trinity

Perichoresis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Bryan M. Litfin
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Generation Theory ◽  
Justin Martyr ◽  
Eternal Generation ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

Abstract Tertullian is often portrayed as a prescient figure who accurately anticipated the Nicene consensus about the Trinity. But when he is examined against the background of his immediate predecessors, he falls into place as a typical second-century Logos theologian. He drew especially from Theophilus of Antioch, Justin Martyr, and Irenaeus of Lyons. At the same time, Tertullian did introduce some important innovations. His trinitarian language of ‘substance’ and ‘person’, rooted in Stoic metaphysics, offered the church a new way to be monotheistic while retaining the full deity and consubstantiality of the Word. Tertullian also significantly developed the concept of a divine oikonomia, God’s plan to create and redeem the world. The Son and Spirit are emissaries of the Father’s will—not ontologically inferior to him, yet ranked lower in the way that the sent are always subordinate to the sender. For this reason, Tertullian denied that a Father/Son relationship was eternal within the Trinity, seeing it rather as a new development emerging from God’s plan to make the world. Such temporal paternity and filiation distances Tertullian from the eventual Nicene consensus, which accepted instead the eternal generation theory of Origen. While Tertullian did propose some important terms that would gain traction among the Nicene fathers, he was also marked by a subordinationist tendency that had affinities with Arianism. Tertullian’s most accurate anticipation of Nicaea was his insistence on three co-eternal and consubstantial Persons. Historical theologians need to start admitting that Tertullian was a far cry from being fully Nicene. Rather, he offered a clever but still imperfect half-step toward what would become official orthodoxy..

David Brown's Divine Humanity

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Kathryn Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
The World ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

The contributions of this fine book are many but I will concentrate on three, before turning to several more critical remarks.First, and most obviously, the book does the invaluable service of surveying developments in kenotic christology in the nineteenth century while situating them nicely in their different contexts of origin and with reference to lines of mutual influence: continental, Scottish and British trends are all canvassed rather masterfully. Some attention, in lesser detail, is also given to the way these christological trends are extended in the twentieth century to accounts of the Trinity and God's relation to the world generally: kenosis, the self-emptying or self-limiting action of God, in the incarnation, is now viewed as a primary indication of who God is and how God works, from creation to salvation.

The Image of Christ in Grotius’s De Veritate Religionis Christianae: Some Thoughts on Grotius’s Socinianism

Grotiana ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Fiammetta Palladini
Keyword(s):  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

An attempt is made to show, by means of an analysis of the way in which Grotius deals with the figure of Christ in De Veritate, and by a comparison of his account in that work with the ones in his earlier works Meletius and De Satisfactione Christi, that the accusations of Socinianism, raised against him by his adversaries, were by no means unjustified. In fact, the dogmas of the Trinity and of the dual nature of Christ play no role in De Veritate and the presentation of the figure of Christ is very similar to that of Socinus. At the end of the paper I also try to explain why Grotius felt increasingly strongly drawn towards Socinianism.

Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s Exegetical Consciousness

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Eran Viezel
Keyword(s):  
Medieval Period ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Way

Abstract The widespread argument that Rashi sometimes criticized the way in which Targum Onkelos translated the Hebrew verses is fundamentally wrong. Rather, Rashi was aware that Targum Onkelos did not always translate literally. Rashi saw a connection between the character of the Targum and its origin and addressees. This article compares the place of Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s exegesis with that of other sources he used and examines specific items from his commentary to the Bible and the Talmud. It shows that the place of Targum Onkelos in Rashi’s exegetical consciousness influenced other commentators in the medieval period.

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