scholarly journals Ex situ PLANT GERMPLASM CONSERVATION REVISED AT THE LIGHT OF MECHANISMS AND METHODS OF GENETICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
E.L. Camadro ◽  
P. Rimieri
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Germplasm ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Germplasm Banks

Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are ex situ conserved in germplasm banks as samples (accessions) of natural or naturalized populations, either as the originally sampled propagules (mainly seeds) or their multiplications. The premises underlying ex situ conservation are that (a) it is the safest and cheapest alternative for germplasm preservation for future generations and (b) accessions are representative of the genetic diversity encountered in nature. In the past decades, ideas, alternatives and considerations have been put forward on the topic, and protocols have been devised for plant germplasm sampling, conservation and multiplication. However, limitations in the management efficiency of germplasm banks have been pointed out by international organizations. In our opinion, germplasm banks in general need to revise their functioning and management at the light of principles and methods of Genetics. To that end, it is necessary to consider the reproductive biology of higher plants -whose genetic consequences at both the individual plant and the population levels are not always either fully understood or taken into account in devising the protocols-, the genetic structures of wild and cultivated populations, and the course of the genetic material in the populations. In this paper, we discuss the three topics and provide an example of a national forage breeding program, from germplasm bank accessions as the germplasm of origin to the obtainment of commercial cultivars. Finally, we present a proposal as a base for discussion among curators, researchers and breeders. Key words: accessions, breeding, genetic resources, germplasm banks, population genetics

scholarly journals Ex situ PLANT GERMPLASM CONSERVATION REVISED AT THE LIGHT OF MECHANISMS AND METHODS OF GENETICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
E.L. Camadro ◽  
P. Rimieri
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Germplasm ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Germplasm Banks

Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are ex situ conserved in germplasm banks as samples (accessions) of natural or naturalized populations, either as the originally sampled propagules (mainly seeds) or their multiplications. The premises underlying ex situ conservation are that (a) it is the safest and cheapest alternative for germplasm preservation for future generations and (b) accessions are representative of the genetic diversity encountered in nature. In the past decades, ideas, alternatives and considerations have been put forward on the topic, and protocols have been devised for plant germplasm sampling, conservation and multiplication. However, limitations in the management efficiency of germplasm banks have been pointed out by international organizations. In our opinion, germplasm banks in general need to revise their functioning and management at the light of principles and methods of Genetics. To that end, it is necessary to consider the reproductive biology of higher plants -whose genetic consequences at both the individual plant and the population levels are not always either fully understood or taken into account in devising the protocols-, the genetic structures of wild and cultivated populations, and the course of the genetic material in the populations. In this paper, we discuss the three topics and provide an example of a national forage breeding program, from germplasm bank accessions as the germplasm of origin to the obtainment of commercial cultivars. Finally, we present a proposal as a base for discussion among curators, researchers and breeders. Key words: accessions, breeding, genetic resources, germplasm banks, population genetics

scholarly journals Germplasm Conservation as a Key for Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 462-464
Author(s):  
M. K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

Security of any country as well as the whole world can be ensure through the conservation of germplasm since they are genetic resources that can be used to prolong a population of an organism. Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation of agriculture as well as food and nutritional security. The ICAR-NBPGR is key institution at national level for management of PGR in India under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. India being rich in both flora and fauna germplasm diversity also have challenge of protecting its natural heritage. At the same time, we also have mutually beneficial strategies for germplasm exchange with other countries. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) activities include PGR exploration, collection, exchange, characteri- zation, evaluation, conservation and documentation. It also perform the responsibility to carry out quarantine of all imported PGR. NBPGR collects and acquires germplasm from various sources, conserves it in the Genebank, characterizes and evaluates it for different traits and provides ready material for breeders to develop varieties for farmers. At present, the National Genebank conserves more than 0.45 million accessions. NBPGR is responsible for identifying trait-specific pre-adapted climate resilient genotypes, promising material with disease resistance and quality traits which the breeders use for various crop improvement programmes. The prime focus area of research of NBPGR at present is is on characterization of ex situ conserved germplasm and detailed evaluation of prioritized crops for enhanced utilization. identification of novel genes and alleles for enhanced utilization of PGR; identification and deployment of germplasm/landraces.

Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plant genetic resources managed by national agrobiodiversity center of Korea

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Sung ◽  
CW Jeong ◽  
YY Lee ◽  
HS Lee ◽  
YA Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ

scholarly journals THE PORTUGUESE NATIONAL INVENTORY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES 2018 - DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Filomena Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
National Inventory ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Global Platform

Since the 1970s, Portugal has been endeavouring systematic and coordinated efforts for ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Portugal maintains in ex situ a large seed collection of cultivated species (cereals, fibres, grain legumes, vegetables), wild species (forages, MAP species), also national clone collections of olive, fruit trees and grapes. In 2011 the Portuguese National Genebank (BPGV) and ISOPLEXIS implemented the GRIN-Global platform, as provides the opportunity to increase data quality, to have long term sustainability for data curation, integrates all collections in one management system optimizing the costs and staff resources. Now, the main objective in Portugal is to implement the Grin Global Platform at the national level to consolidate its National Programme of Plant Genetic Resources (NPPGR) with all national partners directly involved in the conservation of PGR. The main objectives of this communication are: to demonstrate the valuable contribution of the Grin-Global platform to the NPPGR; discuss the development and status of the Portugal’s National Inventory 2018 in EURISCO, analyse the evolution of the amount of passport information in EURISCO from 2015 to 2018; to address the steps that are being taken in Portugal for the Implementation of the Grin-Global Platform at the national level.

Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Paula Bramel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

scholarly journals Safeguarding and using global banana diversity: a holistic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Van den houwe ◽  
Rachel Chase ◽  
Julie Sardos ◽  
Max Ruas ◽  
Els Kempenaers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Genebank Management

AbstractThe CGIAR genebank International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre (ITC) currently holds 1617 banana accessions from 38 countries as an in vitro collection, backed-up by a cryopreserved collection to safeguard global Musa diversity in perpetuity. The ITC also serves as a vital safety backup and transit centre for national banana genebanks and ensures that germplasm is clean of pests and diseases and freely available under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. In more than 35 years of activity, the ITC has distributed over 18,000 banana accession samples to researchers and farmers in 113 countries. Ex situ conservation of vegetatively-propagated crops such as banana poses very particular challenges. Maintaining the ITC genebank is labor intense and costly. Efficiencies are sought through research and development of techniques on detecting viruses, the genetic integrity of accessions, and on innovative means of safeguarding banana diversity, such as conserving populations of wild species by seed banking. Although the conservation of global banana diversity is the main objective of the ITC, significant value comes from its holistic approach to better understand and promote its germplasm through numerous research activities and resources. Techniques for morphological and molecular characterization serve to identify and describe the collection, while also determining what gaps should be filled by collecting missions with national partners. The evaluation of desirable agronomic traits inherent in Musa spp. are investigated by a high-throughput phenotyping platform, which helps breeding programs to select cultivars resistant or tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genomic and bioinformatic studies of several banana wild relatives greatly enhance our understanding of Musa genetic diversity, links to important phenotypic traits and bring new methods for management of the collection. Collectively, these research activities produce enormous amounts of data that require curation and dissemination to the public. The two information systems at the ITC, Musa Genebank Management System and the Musa Germplasm Information System, serve to manage the genebank activities and to make public germplasm-related data for over 30 banana collections worldwide, respectively. By implementing the 10-year workplan set out in the Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Musa Genetic Resources, the network MusaNet supports Musa researchers and stakeholders, including the ITC, and most importantly, links to the world’s banana-producing countries via three regional banana networks.

scholarly journals Long-term conservation of potato genetic resources: Methods and status of conservation

2019 ◽  
pp. 717-725
Author(s):  
Jane Muthoni ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Rob Melis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Natural Habitats

Plant genetic resources (PGRs) play an important role in agriculture, environment protection, cultural property and trade; they need to be conserved. There are two fundamental approaches for the conservation of PGRs: in situ and ex situ. In situ conservation is the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings. Ex situ preservation is the storage of seeds or plant materials under artificial conditions to maintain their long term viability and availability for use. Genebanks employ seed storage, field collections of living plants and in vitro storage (tissue culture or cryopreservation) for ex situ preservation of PGR. Storage of orthodox seeds, which are tolerant to low moisture content and low temperatures at appropriate temperature and humidity, is the most convenient ex situ conservation method. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds or non-viable seeds are conserved in field genebanks as well as in-vitro in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -1960C for long-term periods. Cryopreservation is very expensive and needs trained personnel; this could explain why this method is rarely used for conservation of plant genetic resources in most developing countries. Potato tubers are bulky and highly perishable; the crop is generally conserved as clones either in field genebanks (with annual replanting), in-vitro conservation in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation for long term. Field genebanks are expensive to maintain and the crop is exposed to many dangers; hence, cryopreservation is the only feasible method for long term conservation. However, given the high cost of cryopreservation, long-term conservation of potato genetic resources is poorly developed in most resource-poor countries leading to high rates of genetic erosion. This paper looks into the various methods that that can be applied to conserve potato genetic resources and the status of conservation of potatoes in major genebanks and some countries.

Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources: Global Development and Environmental Concerns

Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 253 (5022) ◽  
pp. 866-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. COHEN ◽  
J. T. WILLIAMS ◽  
D. L. PLUCKNETT ◽  
H. SHANDS
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Global Development
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