scholarly journals Trade and Income Convergence in Selected South Asian Countries and Their Trading Partners

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Nawaz Hakro ◽  
Bashir Ahmad Fida
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Income Differential ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Source Countries

This paper analyzes trade among and the convergence of per capita income for India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The extent of trade and its relationship with the magnitude of income convergence is studied among these countries and their trading partners. We use intra-trade convergence and the difference-in-differences approach for the estimations. The results demonstrate that an increase in trade between the groups decreases the per capita income differential. Our results suggest that trade liberalization policies could be effective in achieving convergence. More importantly, we find that the per capita income of our source countries converged more rapidly under post-liberalization regimes than pre-liberalization regimes.

scholarly journals Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade in Cosmetic Commodities between Indonesia and Nine Trading Partners in The Asian Region in 2004-2018 Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Tuhfah Ikbar Ramadhan ◽  
Firmansyah Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Difference ◽  
Country Size ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference

<p align="justify">This research aims to analyze the level of intra-industry trade and the effect of average country size, average per capita income, difference in per capita income, distance, and average tariff on intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and nine trading partners (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, India, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea) from 2004-2018. This study uses a Grubel-Llyod Index to determine the level of intra-industry trade and static panel data method to see the effect of independent variables on the level of intra-industry trade. The result shows that the level of intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and its trading partners (except India) still tended to be low. The average country size, average per capita income, and average tariff have a positive and significant effect on the level of intra-industry trade. Meanwhile, the difference in per capita income and distance have a negative and significant effect.</p>

scholarly journals DOES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION LEAD TO INCOME CONVERGENCE? EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-346
Author(s):  
Vaseem Akram ◽  
Badri Narayan Rath
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita

In this study, we examine the role of export diversification in the convergence of per capita income (output). By applying the dynamic system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to a panel dataset consisting of 95 countries, we find evidence of both absolute and conditional divergence for the full sample and the subsamples based on income and regions. Thus, our findings suggest that, although high export diversification boosts the per capita income (output), it does not significantly reduce per capita income (output) gap between rich and poor countries.

Spatial impacts of the creation of Brasília: A natural experiment

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Grimes ◽  
Valente J Matlaba ◽  
Jacques Poot
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Highway Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Using data spanning 70 years (1939–2008), we examine whether Kubitschek’s planned creation of Brasília and its associated highway network had its intended effect of spreading development from Brazil’s coast to its interior. Specifically, we test whether the spatial structure of the country’s urban population and per capita GDP changed as a result of Brasília’s inauguration in 1960. Uniquely amongst studies of Brasília’s impacts, we use a ‘spatial-difference-in-differences’ approach, contrasting pre-Brasília with post-Brasília outcomes. We control for macroeconomic conditions, fixed city-specific factors, convergence forces, changing industrial structure and agglomeration impacts arising from proximity to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. We find a modest impact on population in the western coastal and western interior regions whose share of Brazil’s urban population increased from 4.8% (1959) to 9.0% (2008); our spatial-difference-in-differences estimates show the impact to be statistically significant. We confirm per capita income convergence across regions, but we find no (descriptive or statistical) evidence of per capita income effects related to proximity to Brasília. Thus, even a massive development initiative such as Brasília’s creation is estimated to have had only limited population impacts and zero per capita income impacts on the spatial structure of Brazil’s economy outside of Brasília itself.

Regional Per Capita Income Convergence in Austria

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hofer ◽  
Andreas Wörgötter
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals Impact of Global Food Price Escalation on Poverty in South Asian Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (4I-II) ◽  
pp. 543-559
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdullah ◽  
Rukhsana Kalim
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Food Price ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Price Escalation ◽  
Global Food

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of global food price escalation on poverty in South Asian countries since 1990 to 2011. Panel data procedure has been applied for empirical analysis. Panel unit root tests have been utilised before the application of panel co-integration. Poverty is measured through revealed behaviour approach which is considered better than other approaches, as it is based on the actual consumption made by the households. The present study uses actual average household consumption to measure poverty. Empirical results reveal that global food price escalation and per capita income positively and significantly affect average household consumption, which is the clear indication of poverty decline. International oil prices and interest rate significantly but negatively affect the average household consumption in South Asian countries. Findings of this study will be helpful for formulating effective public policies for poverty reduction in the era of trade liberalisation. JEL Classification: E31, F410, I32 Keywords: Food Price Escalation, Poverty, Oil Prices, Per Capita Income, South Asia

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