income difference
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xiongying Chen ◽  
Yu Xie ◽  
Keqiang Wu ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
BingBing Zhang ◽  
...  

The article analyzed the income differences between flexibly and nonflexibly employed persons based on the 2018 China Mobile Population Dynamics Monitoring Data, using OLS methods, propensity score matching (PSM), and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The results show that the income of flexibly employed persons is 11.9%–23.6% higher than that of nonflexibly employed persons, with differences in individual endowment characteristics explaining 53.9% of the income difference and differences in coefficients of nonmarket factors explaining 45.7% of the income difference. The degree of income difference between the two groups in different industries varies; except for the primary industry, the secondary and tertiary industries all show higher income for flexibly employed persons than for nonflexibly employed persons. The difference in income between the two groups was as high as 25% or more in the sectors of “rental and business services,” “education,” and “culture, sports, and entertainment.” The high ratio of employers and self-employed workers in flexible employment and the fact that the average number of hours worked per week is 12.6 hours higher for flexible workers than for nonflexible workers are important factors contributing to the difference in earnings between these two groups. Clarifying the extent of the current income disparity between flexible and nonflexible employment groups and its sources, and formulating and adjusting relevant policies and measures in a timely manner are conducive to creating a fair and equitable labour market environment and promoting the healthy development of flexible employment under the new circumstances.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6729
Author(s):  
Bo-Hyun Yoon ◽  
Jeong-Hwan Lee ◽  
Jin-Hyung Cho

We analyzed whether a firm’s engagement in socially responsible activities, as measured by environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) scores, influences their tendency to avoid tax in the Korean financial market. We found a negative relationship between Korean firms’ ESG scores and tax avoidance in terms of book-tax income difference during the sample period between 2011 and 2017. This result implies that firms with good CSR performance would tend not to manipulate taxable profits, which is in line with corporate culture theory. More interestingly, this trend has become more apparent for chaebol-affiliated firms, a special type of Korean conglomerate, than non-chaebol firms.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Tuhfah Ikbar Ramadhan ◽  
Firmansyah Firmansyah

<p align="justify">This research aims to analyze the level of intra-industry trade and the effect of average country size, average per capita income, difference in per capita income, distance, and average tariff on intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and nine trading partners (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, India, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea) from 2004-2018. This study uses a Grubel-Llyod Index to determine the level of intra-industry trade and static panel data method to see the effect of independent variables on the level of intra-industry trade. The result shows that the level of intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and its trading partners (except India) still tended to be low. The average country size, average per capita income, and average tariff have a positive and significant effect on the level of intra-industry trade. Meanwhile, the difference in per capita income and distance have a negative and significant effect.</p>


Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Hung Van Vu ◽  
Huong Ho ◽  
Quoc Hoi Le

Farmers’ associations play an important role to help members increase their access to supports of information, capital, and technology; bring benefits to members; and partly promote production, enhance productivity, and increase income. This paper systematizes the theoretical foundation and empirical evidence on income difference between the member and non-member farmers and identifies factors that affect their decisions to join associations. By comparing specific characteristics between the member and non-member farmers, the paper examines the impact of joining farmers’ associations on the income of tea farmers in Vietnam by using the data from the survey of 742 farms. In our sample, 376 respondents are members and 366 non-members of associations in the four largest tea-producing areas, which cover 30 provinces in Vietnam. The paper uses OLS regression model to identify the factors that influence the decision of tea farms to join farmers’ organizations and tobit model to assess more detailed impacts of membership on income. The findings show that the farmers, who are members of an association, are more helpful in the ability to access better market services and more tea prices, and are more likely to earn a higher average income than those are non-members. Moreover, their memberships result in an increase of 0.166 unit of income. The research results also show that other factors, including labor, tea price, share of tea sold, farmer age, tea area, ability to access extension services, and credit services, affect the farmer’s income.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8382
Author(s):  
Zhenhai Xiang ◽  
Pengfei Ban ◽  
Qifeng Yuan

This study supplements research on peri-urbanized areas by introducing a quantitative analysis of rural income inequality, with particular attention being paid to geographical causes. It also contributes a community/village-scale case to the current knowledge of the quantitative analysis of rural income inequality, which is mainly based on the county, municipal and higher levels. A typical peri-urbanized area in the Pearl River Delta—namely, Nanhai District, Foshan City—was considered as an empirical case. Based on 10-year continuous data, from 2007 to 2016, we first analyzed the distribution and spatial autocorrelation between per-capita share dividend income (PCSDI) and per-capita net income (PCNI). Then, we used a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model to explore the strength and direction of the relationship between PCSDI and the five selected driving factors. The results show that, during the study period, the rural income difference of PCSDI in Nanhai generally narrowed, whereas the income difference of PCSDI generally expanded, and the spatial distribution of PCNI was more unequal than that of the PCSDI. The GWR model shows that geo-location (GL) has the strongest impact on PCSDI, followed by the per-capita area of state-owned land (PCASOL); the density of the road coverage (DRC) and the density of the registered population (DRP) have the least effect on PCSDI. Except for the per-capita area of collective constructive land (PCACCL), which is a global variable, the correlation between the four other factors and PCSDI is geographically uneven.


Author(s):  
Arridha Zikra Syah ◽  
Rizaldi Rizaldi

PT Pinus Merah Abadi is a distributor company in Indonesia. They engaged in selling snacks such as snacks and wafers with Nabati brand. They expends incentives for their employees every month. The expending of incentive depends on pre-determined terms or targets each month with specified terms and targets and intense competition from other employees. However, in the calculation process of incentives is managed manually using the criteria by the Personnel General Affair. Then the data from the manual calculation are sent to the head office. Sometimes the results of the decision are too rigid. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show results that have the effect of incentives with all achievements between incentives towards employee achievement performance simultaneously. The amount of incentives depends on the ruled given. The income difference for each criterion for each employee will cause a difference in income.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Umar Hi Salim

The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the implementation of Uhasa Rakyat Credit from PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Mandiri Mitra Business Unit in developing micro and small business. Based on the research, the number of samples taken as many as 65 debtors with the amount of credit Rp 20.000.000, - up to Rp 50.000.000, - and indicators to develop small and micro businesses, the debtor (customers), namely; capability of initial capital owned, production activities (business) undertaken, sales turnover obtained, and net profit earned. The result shows that the difference between the average value before and after obtaining credit is 3.97 (12.60 - 8.63), this is quite big. The difference in the average value of this very large, then the debtor who before getting a loan as additional capital to develop business and increase income. The result of t test analysis for income difference for debtor before and after obtaining credit, where t value counted as -16,0145, while t value of table shows 2,000, it shows that t empirical (count) bigger when compared with t table or -16.0145> 2.000 which means there is a difference of income between the debtor after receiving credit assistance with the debtor who before getting credit assistance from PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Thus, the proposed hypothesis can be proven and true, that there is a difference between the debtor who after receiving credit assistance with before getting credit assistance.


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Sook Min ◽  
Jinsil Park ◽  
Young Ae Kim ◽  
Hyung Kook Yang ◽  
Keeho Park

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