scholarly journals A new kind of unified nuclear binding energy formula and its consequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshavatharam UVS ◽  
Lakshminarayana S

Starting from Z=3 to 120, energy coefficient being 10.1 MeV - nuclear binding energy increases with increasing mass number, decreases with increasing number of free or unbound nucleons, decreases with increasing radius and decreases with increasing asymmetry about the mean stable mass number. Proceeding further, by considering the number of free or unbound nucleons, an attempt is made to understand the mass limits of nuclear stability zone. With further study, stable zones of relatively long living super heavy elements can be identified.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshavatharam UVS ◽  
Lakshminarayana S

Abstract By modifying Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula with strong and weak interactions, it is possible to approximate the nuclear binding energy of isotopes with one unique energy coefficient and four terms. Considering even-odd corrections, shell corrections and other microscopic corrections, it seems possible to improve the accuracy with a clear physical basis. Based on our recent work and the proposed formula, we are very confident to say that, electroweak interaction plays a vital role in fixing the nuclear binding energy.


Author(s):  
U.V. Satya Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana

At nuclear scale, we present three heuristic relations pertaining to strong and electroweak coupling constants. With these relations, close to beta stability line, it is possible to study nuclear binding energy with a single energy coefficient of magnitude ( 1 α s )[ e 2 4π ε 0 R 0 ]≈10.0 MeV. With reference to up and down quark masses, it is also possible to interpret that, nuclear binding energy is proportional to the mean mass of [ ( 2 m u + m d ) and ( m u +2 m d ) ]≈10.0 MeV.


Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
Lakshminarayana S.

With reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. It seems that, some kind of electroweak interaction is playing a strange role in maintaining free or unbound nucleons within the nucleus. It is possible to say that, strong interaction plays a vital role in increasing nuclear binding energy and electroweak interaction plays a vital role in reducing nuclear binding energy. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of Z. For medium, heavy and super heavy atoms, beginning and ending mass numbers pertaining to bound states can be understood with 2Z+0.004Z^2 and 3Z+0.004Z^2 respectively. With further study, neutron drip lines can be understood. Based on this kind of data fitting procedure, existence of our 4G model of electroweak fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV can be confirmed indirectly.


Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana

We present simple relations for nuclear stability and nuclear binding energy with respect to three gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions.


Author(s):  
U. V. S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana

With reference to authors recently proposed three virtual atomic gravitational constants and nuclear elementary charge, close to stable mass numbers, it is possible to show that, squared neutron number plays a major role in reducing nuclear binding energy. In this context, Z=30 onwards, ‘inverse of the strong coupling constant’, can be inferred as a representation of the maximum strength of nuclear interaction and 10.09 MeV can be considered as a characteristic nuclear binding energy coefficient. Coulombic energy coefficient being 0.695 MeV, semi empirical mass formula - volume, surface, asymmetric and pairing energy coefficients can be shown to be 15.29 MeV, 15.29 MeV, 23.16 MeV and 10.09 MeV respectively. Volume and Surface energy terms can be represented with (A-A2/3-1)*15.29 MeV. With reference to nuclear potential of 1.162 MeV and coulombic energy coefficient, close to stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with two simple terms having an effective binding energy coefficient of  [10.09-(1.162+0.695)/2] = 9.16 MeV. Nuclear binding energy can also be fitted with five terms having a single energy coefficient of 10.09 MeV. With further study, semi empirical mass formula can be simplified with respect to strong coupling constant.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshavatharam U V S ◽  
Lakshminarayana S

An attempt is made toa model the atomic nucleus as a combination of bound and free or unbound nucleons. Due to strong interaction, bound nucleons help in increasing nuclear binding energy and due to electroweak interaction, free or unbound nucleons help in decreasing nuclear binding energy. In this context, with reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of  Z. 


Author(s):  
UVS Seshavatharam ◽  
S Lakshminarayana

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, ℏc can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, with reference to our earlier introduced coefficients k = 0.00642 and f = 0.00189, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient. The two coefficients can be addressed with powers of the strong coupling constant. Classifying nucleons as ‘free nucleons’ and ‘active nucleons’, nuclear binding energy and stability can be understood. Starting from , number of isotopes seems to increase from 2 to 16 at and then decreases to 1 at For Z >= 84, lower stability seems to be, Alower=(2.5 to 2.531)Z.


1960 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Rodberg ◽  
Vigdor L. Teplitz

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