Society of Workers’ Housing Estates and its attempt to overcome the residential crisis in interwar Poland

After the Great War, one of the most challenging obstacles of the newly recreated Polish state was to ensure residential space for the group of citizens most vulnerable to exclusion. Labourers indeed required an inexpensive and modest habitations maintaining modern sanitary standards. Such facilities were underrepresented in Poland at that time. Mostly overpriced and unsanitary flats were offered in 19th-century housing. Also new housing, although with all modern amenities, did not provide flats with parameters that could meet the expectations of the least wealthy of labourers. In such circumstances, at the end of 1934, a new state-owned company was created – the Society of Workers’ Housing Estate (Towarzystwo Osiedli Robotniczych). Its aim was to build and grant loans for the construction of residential areas with flats meeting the needs of the lower-class labourers. Despite the difficulties, up to 1939, thousands of new flats were built under the Society’s initiative. All these investments exemplify a successful and far-reaching social policy of Second Polish Republic that made residential crisis manageable.

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OTTOMAN MODERNITY, COLONIALISM, AND INSURGENCY IN THE INTERWAR ARAB EAST

International Journal of Middle East Studies ◽

10.1017/s0020743811000031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 205-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Michael Provence

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Great War ◽

Colonial Rule ◽

Mass Education ◽

War Of Independence ◽

Turkish Nationalism ◽

The Great War ◽

Late Ottoman

AbstractThe foundations of both Arab and Turkish nationalism lay in the late Ottoman mass education and conscription project and in the region-wide struggle against colonial rule in the 1920s and 1930s. The anticolonial insurgencies of the 1920s and 1930s have passed into history as the formative expressions of new nations: the Turkish War of Independence, the Iraqi revolt of 1920, the Syrian Battle of Maysalun, the Great Syrian Revolt, and the Palestinian uprisings of 1920, 1929, and 1936. But all insurgents of the 1920s had been Ottoman subjects, and many and probably most had been among the nearly three million men mobilized into the Ottoman army between 1914 and 1918. The Ottoman State, like all 19th-century European powers, had made mass education and conscription a centerpiece of policy in the decades before the Great War.

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The Survival of 19th-Century Scientific Optimism: The Public Discourse on Science in Belgium in the Aftermath of the Great War (ca. 1919-1930)

Centaurus ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0498.2011.00239.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 280-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sofie Onghena

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Public Discourse ◽

Great War ◽

The Public ◽

The Great War

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Gendering Residential Space: From Squatter and Slum Housing to the Apartment Estates in Turkish Renewal Projects

City and Community ◽

10.1111/cico.12325 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 808-834 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tahire Erman ◽

Burcu Hatiboğlu

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Housing Estate ◽

Urban Modernity ◽

The Public ◽

The Feminine ◽

Different Types ◽

Informal Practices ◽

Residential Space ◽

Housing Estates ◽

Dimensions Of Space

This article argues for the need to understand gendered dimensions of space in a contextualized way. It investigates residential space in three different types of housing settings of the poor, namely, a peripheral squatter neighborhood coded by rurality, a central slum neighborhood coded by criminality, and the housing estates in squatter/slum renewal projects coded by middle–class urbanity. Based on two field studies conducted in Ankara, Turkey's capital, it challenges the feminine–private versus masculine–public dichotomy: With women's presence inside the neighborhood, the squatter area was a “feminine space,” whereas, with the violent control of neighborhood spaces by local men, the slum area was a “masculine space.” Through its association with urban modernity, the public/private divide was enforced in the housing estates. While in the first housing estate, women's informal practices in its public spaces “feminized” and “ruralized” the estate, in the second housing estate, it made women feel safe inside apartments.

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“The Only Pictures in Memory of the Great War”: The Heroic Spirit, Orientalism, and the Problems of Representational Depictions of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878

Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review ◽

10.17323/1728-192x-2018-3-240-255 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 240-255

Author(s):

Andrei Teslya

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Pictorial Representation ◽

Great War ◽

The Public ◽

The Government ◽

Balkan Crisis ◽

Pictorial Representations ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Great War

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 spawned a request from both the government and the public for an appropriate pictorial representation to be evaluated in the categories of ‘high art’, a request which revealed the inability of the predominant aesthetics to be satisfied. The paintings on the subjects of the preceding Balkan Crisis of 1875–1876 easily appealed to the existing reserve of descriptive means in primarily appealing to Orientalist motives by using the international Oriental-artistic language. In this case, painters such as K. Makovsky or V. Polenov did not need to resort to some inversions in the “Turkestan Series” by V. Vereshchagin: the developed artistic language allowed the conveying of the desired content without loss. On the contrary, attempts to present pictorial representations of the Russo-Turkish War found that the old military art was no longer perceived as genuine “art”. Thus, in not being regarded as a proper fixation of “memorable events”, the prevailing new aesthetics was unable to convey the pathos and heroics desired by the authorities. At the same time, it was found that a strong aesthetic effect in military plots was achieved through “seriality”, the interpretation of similar plots as isolated and independent. However, this did not produce a significant effect, that is to say, painting as such was not self-sufficient since it required the assistance of the text, the sequence of images, etc. The problem was reduced significantly with the new aesthetics of the 20th century, and in the last decades of the 19th century, in connection with mentioned above difficulties of painting, historical plots acquired new value, providing new opportunities for the representation of heroic themes while simultaneously giving greater aesthetic freedom.

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After the Great War: Nationalism, Degenerationism and Mass Psychology

Journal of Social and Political Psychology ◽

10.5964/jspp.v3i1.371 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 103-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan García-García

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Great War ◽

Political Debate ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Contemporary View ◽

Mass Psychology ◽

The Masses ◽

The Great War ◽

Area Of Study

This article explores the influence of psychological language and discourses on the contemporary view of nationalism, an issue that has only begun to be studied in recent years (García-García, 2013; Sluga, 2006). On this occasion, the author focuses on two currents or schools that contributed decisively to the new view of nationalism after the Great War: first, degenerationist medicine and psychiatry, highly accepted in the European social and political debate since the late 19th century; second, and no less penetrating, the crowd or mass psychology of Taine, Tarde, Sighele, and, above all, Gustave Le Bon. After the Great War, as we shall see, nationalism was often represented as a form of degeneration, or a barbarous and cruel regression to a prior stage of development, embodied by the masses. This discourse and rhetoric was to condition the area of study for generations. In fact, the voices of medicine, psychiatry and mass psychology have not disappeared from the debate and continue to directly and indirectly influence the academic and popular comprehension of nationalism.

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