scholarly journals Modification of Holter ECG Monitoring Based on Arduino Uno with Data Storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2819-2824
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Rate Score ◽  
Final Error

Heart monitoring is needed in order to know the patient’s heart condition. In monitoring, storage media of heart monitor result is needed in order to help doctors and paramedics examine the patients. Therefore, a research to plan and create logger data system of heart signal as a modification of electrocardiograph was conducted. This research used amplifier, active High Pass Filter, active Low Pass Filter, Noch Filter, summing adder, and Microcontroller, and Delphi 7 Software to make interface program on personal computer. Heart Rate score (BPM) on 2x16 LCD indicated final error of 2,8%. Meanwhile, the final error of Software module was 1,4%. The measurement of lead II R signal amplitude resulted the final error of -4,5% and the final error on the distance length from R to R was -1,1%. Heart Rate score (BPM) with two human samples indicated error on sample one on sitting position of -3,8% and on sample two -6,3%, Sample one on Standing Position 2,9% and sample two -4,1%, Sample one on Roll Call -1,7% and sample one -8,4% and sample one on running in place -4,6% and sample two 4,1%. The result reading on Delphy 7 Software the errors were -0,3% on sample one and -6,5% on sample two. On standing position, sample one was -0,6% and sample two -2,2%, roll call position for sample one 1,7% and sample two -8,4%, and running in place for sample one 4,1% and sample two 3,3%. The score of R signal amplitude and the distance length from R of R on human sample indicated error for amplitude in sitting position -9,6%, standing -1,3%, roll call -3,0%, running in place -5,9%. The error on distance from R to R on sitting position was -5,9%, standing -17,3%, roll call 6,7%, and running in place 13,8%.

Blood pressure and heart rate responses to sudden changes of gravity during exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (6) ◽  
pp. H2132-H2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Linnarsson ◽  
C. J. Sundberg ◽  
B. Tedner ◽  
Y. Haruna ◽  
J. M. Karemaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Filter Function ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Lower Amplitude ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Receptors

Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure responses to sudden changes of gravity during 80- to 100-W leg exercise were studied. One group was exposed to sudden changes between 1.0 and 0 g in the head-to-foot direction (Gz+), starting upright and with repeated 30-s tilts to the supine position. Another group was exposed to sudden Gz+ changes between 1.8 and 0 g in an aircraft performing parabolic flight. Arterial blood pressure at the level of the carotid (carotid distending pressure, CDP) showed a large transient increase by 27-47 mmHg when Gz+ was suddenly decreased and a similar drop when Gz+ was suddenly increased. HR displayed a reverse pattern with larger transients (-22 to -26 min-1) in response to Gz+ decreases and more sluggish changes of lower amplitude in the other direction. Central blood volume, as estimated from the inverse of transthoracic impedance (1/TTI), varied in concert with Gz+. A model is proposed in which HR responses are described as a function of CDP and 1/TTI after a time delay of 2.3-3.0 s and including a low-pass filter function with time constants of 0.34-0.35 s for decreasing HR and time constants of 2.9-4.6 s for increasing HR. The sensitivity of the carotid component was around -0.8 to -1.0 min-1 . mmHg-1 (4-7 ms/mmHg). The cardiopulmonary baroreceptor component was an additive input but was of modest relative importance during the initial HR responses. For steady-state HR responses, however, our model suggests that inputs from carotid and cardiopulmonary receptors are of equal importance.

Transfer function analysis of vagal control of heart rate during synchronized vagal stimulation

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (6) ◽  
pp. H1931-H1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mokrane ◽  
A. R. LeBlanc ◽  
R. Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Transfer Function Analysis ◽  
Low Pass

Synchronized electrical stimulation was used to study the heart rate (HR) response to fluctuations in parasympathetic input to the sinus node in anesthetized dogs. This was obtained by varying the time interval (interpulse interval) between stimulatory vagal pulses. Spectral methods were used to estimate transfer functions between the excitatory signal and the resulting HR response for different intensities of vagal stimulation. The intensity of vagal stimulation was proportional to the number of pulses delivered in each cardiac cycle. From the estimated transfer functions, and based on a mathematical model of the time course of ACh concentration at the sinus node, filter models were derived by using a system identification approach. HR response was characterized by a combination of two different filter behaviors: a low-pass filter behavior of mean cut-off frequency of 0.065 Hz and an all-pass filter behavior. The magnitude of the low-pass filter gain decreased with increasing intensity of vagal stimulation. The magnitude of the all-pass filter gain increased and then decreased with increasing intensity of vagal stimulation. The all-pass filter characteristics of HR response during synchronized stimulation of the vagus nerves are specific to this mode of stimulation, because they were not observed in nonsynchronized modes of vagal stimulation. We can conclude that, during synchronized vagal stimulation, the HR response exhibits both a slow dynamic component and a fast component related to beat-to-beat variations.

Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. II. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. H153-H161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Saul ◽  
R. D. Berger ◽  
M. H. Chen ◽  
R. J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Transfer Function Analysis

An efficient new technique was developed to investigate heart rate control at all physiologically relevant frequencies by using respiratory activity as a frequency probe of the autonomic nervous response. The transfer function from respiratory activity to heart rate was determined during 6-min periods in which the respiratory rate was voluntarily controlled in a predetermined but erratic fashion. Changes in posture were used to manipulate autonomic balance. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was determined to be a frequency-dependent phenomenon with the magnitude and phase characteristics of a low-pass filter. In agreement with previous work, at typical respiratory frequencies (greater than 0.15 Hz) increases in heart rate occurred simultaneously with the onset of inspiratory activity; however, at frequencies less than 0.15 Hz the phase relationship was quite different, such that increases in heart rate preceded inspiration. Between 0.15 and 0.45 Hz, the transfer magnitude was consistently lower while the subjects were in the upright posture than when in the supine posture, but below 0.15 Hz, it was equal in both postures. A model for respiratory modulation of heart rate, based on the atrial rate response characteristics determined in the companion paper [Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 25): H142-H152, 1989], suggests that the magnitude and phase characteristics of the subjects in the supine and upright postures differ because of relatively increased sympathetic outflow in the upright posture. A precise and efficient characterization of respiratory sinus arrhythmia can yield considerable insight into the autonomic regulation of the heart.

Neuronal uptake affects dynamic characteristics of heart rate response to sympathetic stimulation

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (1) ◽  
pp. R140-R146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Nakahara ◽  
Toru Kawada ◽  
Masaru Sugimachi ◽  
Hiroshi Miyano ◽  
Takayuki Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Stimulation Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Uptake ◽  
Sympathetic Stimulation ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Dynamic Gain

Recently, studies in our laboratory involving the use of a Gaussian white noise technique demonstrated that the transfer function from sympathetic stimulation frequency to heart rate (HR) response showed dynamic characteristics of a second-order low-pass filter. However, determinants for the characteristics remain to be established. We examined the effect of an increase in mean sympathetic stimulation frequency and that of a blockade of the neuronal uptake mechanism on the transfer function in anesthetized rabbits. We found that increasing mean sympathetic stimulation frequency from 1 to 4 Hz significantly ( P < 0.01) decreased the dynamic gain of the transfer function without affecting other parameters, such as the natural frequency, lag time, or damping coefficient. In contrast, the administration of desipramine (0.3 mg/kg iv), a neuronal uptake blocking agent, significantly ( P < 0.01) decreased both the dynamic gain and the natural frequency and prolonged the lag time. These results suggest that the removal rate of norepinephrine at the neuroeffector junction, rather than the amount of available norepinephrine, plays an important role in determining the low-pass filter characteristics of the HR response to sympathetic stimulation.

scholarly journals Postural Changes on Heart Rate Variability among Older Population: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Warawoot Chuangchai ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Postural Changes

Objective. This study aims to investigate an association between body postures and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses through analysis of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) data obtained through electrocardiography. Methods. Forty older individuals were recruited to form the sample. HRV measurements were taken in three positions—sitting, supine, and standing—and compared. Results. Results demonstrated statistically significant differences in the HRV parameters used to examine the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), specifically in the measurements obtained from the sitting position and the supine position ( P  < 0.001 for PNS and P  = 0.011 for SNS). The differences in these parameters were, however, negligible between the sitting and the standing positions. Moreover, the ANS responses obtained in the sitting position were strongly and positively correlated with those in the standing position (r = 0.854 for PNS and r = 0.794 for SNS). These results suggested that the PNS and SNS parameters obtained while sitting were likely to be affected by orthostatic hypotension in much the same way as those in the standing position, as compared to the supine position. Conclusions. As such, sitting may not be the best position for older individuals in the assessment of their autonomic responses, whereas the supine position is recommended as the baseline posture in the old-age population. These findings are useful for future research in clinical settings that require accuracy in the ANS responses as determined by the HRV measurements.

scholarly journals Dynamic baroreflex control of blood pressure: influence of the heart vs. peripheral resistance

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. R533-R542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang-Ku Liu ◽  
Sarah-Jane Guild ◽  
John V. Ringwood ◽  
Carolyn J. Barrett ◽  
Bridget L. Leonard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Baroreflex Control ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter

The aim in the present experiments was to assess the dynamic baroreflex control of blood pressure, to develop an accurate mathematical model that represented this relationship, and to assess the role of dynamic changes in heart rate and stroke volume in giving rise to components of this response. Patterned electrical stimulation [pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)] was applied to the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) to produce changes in blood pressure under open-loop conditions in anesthetized rabbits. The stimulus provided constant power over the frequency range 0–0.5 Hz and revealed that the composite systems represented by the central nervous system, sympathetic activity, and vascular resistance responded as a second-order low-pass filter (corner frequency ≈0.047 Hz) with a time delay (1.01 s). The gain between ADN and mean arterial pressure was reasonably constant before the corner frequency and then decreased with increasing frequency of stimulus. Although the heart rate was altered in response to the PRBS stimuli, we found that removal of the heart's ability to contribute to blood pressure variability by vagotomy and β1-receptor blockade did not significantly alter the frequency response. We conclude that the contribution of the heart to the dynamic regulation of blood pressure is negligible in the rabbit. The consequences of this finding are examined with respect to low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure.

Bidirectional augmentation of heart rate regulation by autonomic nervous system in rabbits

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. H288-H295 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kawada ◽  
Y. Ikeda ◽  
M. Sugimachi ◽  
T. Shishido ◽  
O. Kawaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Sympathetic Stimulation ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass

Although the characteristics of the static interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in regulating heart rate (HR) have been well established, how the dynamic interaction modulates the HR response remains unknown. We therefore investigated dynamic interaction by estimating the transfer function from nerve stimulation to HR using a band-limited Gaussian white-noise technique. The transfer function relating dynamic sympathetic stimulation to HR had characteristics of a second-order low-pass filter. Simultaneous tonic vagal stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz increased gain of the transfer function by 55.0 +/- 40.1 and 80.7 +/- 50.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). The transfer function from dynamic vagal stimulation to HR had characteristics of a first-order low-pass filter. Simultaneous tonic sympathetic stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz increased the gain by 18.2 +/- 17.9 and 24.1 +/- 18.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Thus interaction augmented dynamic gain bidirectionally, even though it affected mean HR antagonistically. By virtue of this interaction, the autonomic nervous system appears to extend its dynamic range of operation.

Muscarinic potassium channels augment dynamic and static heart rate responses to vagal stimulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (3) ◽  
pp. H1564-H1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Mizuno ◽  
Atsunori Kamiya ◽  
Toru Kawada ◽  
Tadayoshi Miyamoto ◽  
Shuji Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Static Characteristic ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter

Vagal control of heart rate (HR) is mediated by direct and indirect actions of ACh. Direct action of ACh activates the muscarinic K+ (KACh) channels, whereas indirect action inhibits adenylyl cyclase. The role of the KACh channels in the overall picture of vagal HR control remains to be elucidated. We examined the role of the KACh channels in the transfer characteristics of the HR response to vagal stimulation. In nine anesthetized sinoaortic-denerved and vagotomized rabbits, the vagal nerve was stimulated with a binary white-noise signal (0–10 Hz) for examination of the dynamic characteristic and in a step-wise manner (5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz/min) for examination of the static characteristic. The dynamic transfer function from vagal stimulation to HR approximated a first-order, low-pass filter with a lag time. Tertiapin, a selective KACh channel blocker (30 nmol/kg iv), significantly decreased the dynamic gain from 5.0 ± 1.2 to 2.0 ± 0.6 (mean ± SD) beats·min−1·Hz−1 ( P < 0.01) and the corner frequency from 0.25 ± 0.03 to 0.06 ± 0.01 Hz ( P < 0.01) without changing the lag time (0.37 ± 0.04 vs. 0.39 ± 0.05 s). Moreover, tertiapin significantly attenuated the vagal stimulation-induced HR decrease by 46 ± 21, 58 ± 18, 65 ± 15, and 68 ± 11% at stimulus frequencies of 5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz, respectively. We conclude that KACh channels contribute to a rapid HR change and to a larger decrease in the steady-state HR in response to more potent tonic vagal stimulation.

scholarly journals Linear phase FIR filter to compute fetal heart rate variability

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Niyan Marchon ◽  
Gourish Naik
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Fir Filters ◽  
Band Pass Filter ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Fetal Electrocardiography

Continuous monitoring of fetal heart rate (FHR) can detect the well-being of the fetus and thus indicates non-reassuring fetal status. In- vasive fetal electrocardiography (FECG) using the fetal scalp electrode applied to the fetus scalp allows accurate detection of fetal QRS (FQRS) complexes, however with a risk of infection to the fetus. We have proposed a non-invasive fetal heart rate (NIFHR) filtering technique employing finite impulse response (FIR) filters. We applied Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the Physionet abdominal ECG (aECG) records and derived the fiduciary edges of the spectrum of the FECG. A FIR band pass filter (BPF) is designed which is a com- posite filter consisting of a high pass filter (HPF) followed by a low pass filter (LPF) in that order. The cut off frequencies of these com- posite filters are the fiduciary edges of the fetal electrocardiography spectrum. A FQRS detector to obtain fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) processes the FQRS signal filtered through these composite FIR filters. It is observed that channel 4 from records r01 and r08 obtained 100% results for sensitivity, positive predictive value and accuracy while, the overall accuracy was 92.21%. This design can also be extended to compute maternal heart rate.  

scholarly journals Emotion, Respiration, and Heart Rate Variability: A Mathematical Model and Simulation Analyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5008
Author(s):  
Satoko Hirabayashi ◽  
Masami Iwamoto
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Respiration Frequency

Although the generation mechanism of the low-frequency (LF) component of heart rate variability (HRV) is controversial, HRV is a potential candidate in designing objective measurement methodologies for emotions. These methodologies could be valuable for several biosignal applications. Here, we have conducted a simulation analysis using a novel mathematical model that integrates emotion, respiration, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. Our model has well reproduced experimental results, specifically concerning HRV with respiratory sinus arrhythmia and LF, the relation between HRV total power and the respiration frequency, and the homeostatic maintenance by the baroreflex. Our model indicates the following possibilities: (i) The delay in the heart rate control process of the parasympathetic activity works as a low-pass filter and the HRV total power decreases with a higher respiration frequency; (ii) the LF component of HRV and the Mayer wave are generated as transient responses of the baroreflex feedback control to perturbations induced by an emotional stimulus; and (iii) concentration on breathing to reduce the respiration frequency can reduce LF/HF and the reduction can be fed back to the emotional status.

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