scholarly journals Sex chromosome diversification in the smooth snake Coronella austriaca (Reptilia, Serpentes)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Marcello Mezzasalma ◽  
Gaetano Odierna
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Geographical Pattern ◽  
Karyological Study ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Coronella Austriaca

The smooth snake Coronella austriaca is a widespread Palearctic colubrid species. The species has been the subject of several molecular and phylogeographic studies which highlighted the occurrence of distinct genetic lineages in different areas of the species distribution, but scarce cytogenetic data are currently available on the species. In this paper we present a molecular and karyological study performed with several banding, staining methods and NOR-FISH on samples of C. austriaca from different geographical areas (Italy and Greece) of the species distribution. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis unambiguously placed the studied samples in different clades with a clear geographical pattern. The karyotype of the two female samples studied was composed of 2n = 36 chromosomes with 16 macro- and 20 microchromosomes and a mix of plesiomorphic and derivate chromosome features. All macrochromosomes were biarmed with the exception of pair 5 that was telocentric. NORs were detected on a microchromosome pair. In both females, the pair 4 was heteromorphic (and completely heterochromatic after C-banding in the Italian female), representing the first report of a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system with female heterogamety in C. austriaca. In addition, the W chromosome showed a different morphology between the two female studied (submetacentric and subtelocentric), highlighting the occurrence of a chromosomal diversification among distinct geographical areas of the species distribution and further supporting that the species contains different diverging evolutionary clades.

scholarly journals Karyological study of cicindelidia trifasciata (coleoptera, cicindelidae) from cuba: evidence of B chromosomes

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia J.R. Proença ◽  
M.J. Collares-Pereira ◽  
A.R.M. Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Karyological Study ◽  
Supernumerary Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Germinal Tissue

Metaphases from germinal tissue of eight males and seven females of Cicindelidia trifasciata from Cuba were analyzed. The species karyotype does not fit the pattern described for Nearctic cicindelids (2n = 18 + XXY): it has 11 autosome pairs and a sex chromosome system of the X1X2X3Y/ X1X1X2X2 X3X3 type, thus a diploid value of 2n = 26 in males and 2n = 28 in females. The first two autosome pairs were almost twice as large as the remaining chromosomes, and the sex elements were morphologically well differentiated. This population was found to be polymorphic for supernumerary chromosomes at both the intraindividual and interindividual levels. An extra small B chromosome was observed in all metaphases of one male (2n = 27), and every female showed metaphases with one to three small Bs, with a clearly higher frequency of cytotype 2n = 29.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in Characidium (Teleostei, Characiformes): Genomic Organization and Diversification of ZW Sex Chromosomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla C. Scacchetti ◽  
Ricardo Utsunomia ◽  
José C. Pansonato-Alves ◽  
Marcelo R. Vicari ◽  
Roberto F. Artoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Specific Probe ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

The speciose neotropical genus Characidium has proven to be a good model for cytogenetic exploration. Representatives of this genus often have a conserved diploid chromosome number; some species exhibit a highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system, while others do not show any sex-related chromosome heteromorphism. In this study, chromosome painting using a W-specific probe and comparative chromosome mapping of repetitive sequences, including ribosomal clusters and 4 microsatellite motifs - (CA)15, (GA)15, (CG)15, and (TTA)10 -, were performed in 6 Characidium species, 5 of which possessed a heteromorphic ZW sex chromosome system. The W-specific probe showed hybridization signals on the W chromosome of all analyzed species, indicating homology among the W chromosomes. Remarkably, a single major rDNA-bearing chromosome pair was found in all species. The 18S rDNA localized to the sex chromosomes in C. lanei, C. timbuiense and C. pterostictum, while the major rDNA localized to one autosome pair in C. vidali and C. gomesi. In contrast, the number of 5S rDNA-bearing chromosomes varied. Notably, minor ribosomal clusters were identified in the W chromosome of C. vidali. Microsatellites were widely distributed across almost all chromosomes of the karyotypes, with a greater accumulation in the subtelomeric regions. However, clear differences in the abundance of each motif were detected in each species. In addition, the Z and W chromosomes showed the differential accumulation of distinct motifs. Our results revealed variability in the distribution of repetitive DNA sequences and their possible association with sex chromosome diversification in Characidium species.

scholarly journals Shards, sequences, and shorelines: two new species of Bembidion from North America (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1007 ◽  
pp. 85-128
Author(s):  
David R. Maddison
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Primary Type

Two new species of Bembidion are described from river shores in North America. One, Bembidion mimbressp. nov., from the Gila River watershed in the lands of the Mimbres culture in New Mexico and Arizona, is closely related to the widespread Bembidion levigatum. DNA sequences from several linkage groups and morphology provide evidence of the distinctiveness of B. mimbres. The second, Bembidion corgenomasp. nov., has been the subject of recent genomic and transcriptomic studies. It belongs in the Bembidion transversale subgroup, and occurs from California north to British Columbia, east to Montana and Nevada. The B. transversale subgroup as a whole is reviewed, and morphological characters that distinguish B. corgenoma from the similar and sympatric B. transversale and B. erosum are described and illustrated. DNA sequences of these three species show no consistent differences in 28S, COI, CAD, and Topoisomerase, and a coalescent species delimitation analysis reveals no notable structure within the complex. This is the first known trio of species within Bembidion for which those genes provide no clear signal of species boundaries. A neotype is designated for the one name in the group that lacks a primary type, Bembidium haplogonum Chaudoir. Chromosomes of the new species and their relatives are as is typical for Bembidion, with eleven pairs of autosomes and an XY/XX sex chromosome system.

scholarly journals Absence of W Chromosome in Psychidae Moths and Implications for the Theory of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Lepidoptera

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1016
Author(s):  
Martina Hejníčková ◽  
Petr Koutecký ◽  
Pavel Potocký ◽  
Irena Provazníková ◽  
Anna Voleníková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Female Specific

Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) are the largest group with heterogametic females. Although the ancestral sex chromosome system is probably Z0/ZZ, most lepidopteran species have the W chromosome. When and how the W chromosome arose remains elusive. Existing hypotheses place the W origin either at the common ancestor of Ditrysia and Tischeriidae, or prefer independent origins of W chromosomes in these two groups. Due to their phylogenetic position at the base of Ditrysia, bagworms (Psychidae) play an important role in investigating the W chromosome origin. Therefore, we examined the W chromosome status in three Psychidae species, namely Proutia betulina, Taleporia tubulosa, and Diplodoma laichartingella, using both classical and molecular cytogenetic methods such as sex chromatin assay, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and male vs. female genome size comparison by flow cytometry. In females of all three species, no sex chromatin was found, no female-specific chromosome regions were revealed by CGH, and a Z-chromosome univalent was observed in pachytene oocytes. In addition, the genome size of females was significantly smaller than males. Overall, our study provides strong evidence for the absence of the W chromosome in Psychidae, thus supporting the hypothesis of two independent W chromosome origins in Tischeriidae and in advanced Ditrysia.

scholarly journals Evolution of a Multiple Sex-Chromosome System by Three-Sequential Translocations among Potential Sex-Chromosomes in the Taiwanese Frog Odorrana swinhoana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Ikuo Miura ◽  
Foyez Shams ◽  
Si-Min Lin ◽  
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Thomas Liehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Brown Frog ◽  
Male Specific

Translocation between sex-chromosomes and autosomes generates multiple sex-chromosome systems. It happens unexpectedly, and therefore, the evolutionary meaning is not clear. The current study shows a multiple sex chromosome system comprising three different chromosome pairs in a Taiwanese brown frog (Odorrana swinhoana). The male-specific three translocations created a system of six sex-chromosomes, ♂X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 -♀X1X1X2X2X3X3. It is unique in that the translocations occurred among three out of the six members of potential sex-determining chromosomes, which are known to be involved in sex-chromosome turnover in frogs, and the two out of three include orthologs of the sex-determining genes in mammals, birds and fishes. This rare case suggests sex-specific, nonrandom translocations and thus provides a new viewpoint for the evolutionary meaning of the multiple sex chromosome system.

scholarly journals Karyotype description of three species of Loricariidae (Siluriformes) and occurrence of the ZZ/ZW sexual system in Hemiancistrus spilomma Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renildo Ribeiro de Oliveira ◽  
Issakar Lima Souza ◽  
Paulo Cesar Venere
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sexual System ◽  
Freshwater Systems ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Cytogenetic Data ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

The neotropical freshwater systems have a high number of catfish species (Siluriformes), and many of those are denominated "cascudos" in Brazil. Cytogenetic data about three "cascudos" species fished in the rio Araguaia are described in the present study. The Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus showed 2n=52, with 28 metacentrics (M) chromosomes, 16 submetacentrics (SM) and 8 subtelocentrics/acrocentrics (ST/A) in both sexes. Hemiancistrus spinosissimus showed 2n=52, with karyotype formulae 26M+22SM+4ST, in both sexes. Hemiancistrusspilomma also showed 2n=52, but in this species a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system (25M+21SM+6ST in females and 24M+22SM+6ST in males) was observed. The cells from H. spinosissimus and P. joselimaianus showed one chromosome pair bearing Ag-NORs, while in the H. spilomma three chromosome pairs bearing Ag-NORs were detected. The data showed in this work reveal particular chromosomal characteristics, important for a good recognition of both Hemincistrus species, and also show the importance of the insertion of cytogenetic data on taxonomic phylogenetic studies.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome system ZZ/ZW in Apareiodon hasemani Eigenmann, 1916 (Characiformes, Parodontidae) and a derived chromosomal region

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela Bellafronte ◽  
Michelle Orane Schemberger ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Artoni ◽  
Orlando Moreira Filho ◽  
Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Region ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome System
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