Religio:The Origin, Function and Meaning of Religion From Classical to Postmodern Study of Religion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Mete
Keyword(s):  
Origin Function

scholarly journals Replication of an rRNA gene origin plasmid in the Tetrahymena thermophila macronucleus is prevented by transcription through the origin from an RNA polymerase I promoter.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 3372-3381 ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Pan ◽  
R C Gallagher ◽  
E H Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Rna Polymerase I ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Origin Region ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
Polymerase I ◽  
Wild Type Promoter

In the somatic macronucleus of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, the palindromic rRNA gene (rDNA) minichromosome is replicated from an origin near the center of the molecule in the 5' nontranscribed spacer. The replication of this rDNA minichromosome is under both cell cycle and copy number control. We addressed the effect on origin function of transcription through this origin region. A construct containing a pair of 1.9-kb tandem direct repeats of the rDNA origin region, containing the origin plus a mutated (+G), but not a wild type, rRNA promoter, is initially maintained in macronuclei as an episome. Late, linear and circular replicons with long arrays of tandem repeats accumulate (W.-J. Pan and E. H. Blackburn, Nucleic Acids Res, in press). We present direct evidence that the +G mutation inactivates this rRNA promoter. It lacks the footprint seen on the wild-type promoter and produces no detectable in vivo transcript. Independent evidence that the failure to maintain wild-type 1.9-kb repeats was caused by transcription through the origin came from placing a short DNA segment containing the rRNA gene transcriptional termination region immediately downstream of the wild-type rRNA promoter. Insertion of this terminator sequence in the correct, but not the inverted, orientation restored plasmid maintenance. Hence, origin function was restored by inactivating the rRNA promoter through the +G mutation or causing termination before transcripts from a wild-type promoter reached the origin region. We propose that transcription by RNA polymerase I through the rDNA origin inhibits replication by preventing replication factors from assembling at the origin.

The origin, function, and diagnostic potential of extracellular microRNAs in human body fluids

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Liang ◽  
Fei Gong ◽  
Suyang Zhang ◽  
Chen-Yu Zhang ◽  
Ke Zen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Origin Function

Root nodule development: origin, function and regulation of nodulin genes

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. S. Verma ◽  
C.-A. Hu ◽  
M. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
Nodulin Genes

scholarly journals Two Compound Replication Origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contain Redundant Origin Recognition Complex Binding Sites

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2790-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Theis ◽  
Carol S. Newlon
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Origin Recognition Complex ◽  
Replication Origins ◽  
Discrete Site ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
Single Binding Site ◽  
Origin Recognition

ABSTRACT While many of the proteins involved in the initiation of DNA replication are conserved between yeasts and metazoans, the structure of the replication origins themselves has appeared to be different. As typified by ARS1, replication origins inSaccharomyces cerevisiae are <150 bp long and have a simple modular structure, consisting of a single binding site for the origin recognition complex, the replication initiator protein, and one or more accessory sequences. DNA replication initiates from a discrete site. While the important sequences are currently less well defined, metazoan origins appear to be different. These origins are large and appear to be composed of multiple, redundant elements, and replication initiates throughout zones as large as 55 kb. In this report, we characterize two S. cerevisiae replication origins, ARS101 and ARS310, which differ from the paradigm. These origins contain multiple, redundant binding sites for the origin recognition complex. Each binding site must be altered to abolish origin function, while the alteration of a single binding site is sufficient to inactivate ARS1. This redundant structure may be similar to that seen in metazoan origins.

Domain B of ARS307 contains two functional elements and contributes to chromosomal replication origin function

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 7652-7659
Author(s):  
J F Theis ◽  
C S Newlon
Keyword(s):  
Replication Origin ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Chromosomal Replication ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Chromosomal Origin ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Replication Activity

ARS307 is highly active as a replication origin in its native location on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its ability to confer autonomous replication activity on plasmids requires the presence of an 11-bp autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) consensus sequence (ACS), which is also required for chromosomal origin function, as well as approximately 100 bp of sequence flanking the ACS called domain B. To further define the sequences required for ARS function, a linker substitution mutagenesis of domain B was carried out. The mutations defined two sequences, B1 and B2, that contribute to ARS activity. Therefore, like ARS1, domain B of ARS307 is composed of functional subdomains. Constructs carrying mutations in the B1 element were used to replace the chromosomal copy of ARS307. These mutations caused a reduction in chromosomal origin activity, demonstrating that the B1 element is required for efficient chromosomal origin function.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Rep-Mediated Adeno-Associated Virus Origin Nicking

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (17) ◽  
pp. 7762-7771 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rodney Brister ◽  
Nicholas Muzyczka
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Dna Helicase ◽  
Loop Structure ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Stem Loop Structure ◽  
Virus Origin ◽  
Rep Proteins ◽  
Sequence Elements ◽  
Origin Function

ABSTRACT The single-stranded adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) genome is flanked by terminal repeats (TRs) that fold back on themselves to form hairpinned structures. During AAV DNA replication, the TRs are nicked by the virus-encoded Rep proteins at the terminal resolution site (trs). This origin function apparently requires three sequence elements, the Rep binding element (RBE), a small palindrome that comprises a single tip of an internal hairpin within the TR (RBE′), and the trs. Previously, we determined the sequences at the trs required for Rep-mediated cleavage and demonstrated that the trs endonuclease reaction occurs in two discrete steps. In the first step, the Rep DNA helicase activity unwinds the TR, thereby extruding a stem-loop structure at thetrs. In the second step, Rep transesterification activity cleaves the trs. Here we investigate the contribution of the RBE and RBE′ during this process. Our data indicate that Rep is tethered to the RBE in a specific orientation duringtrs nicking. This orientation appears to align Rep on the AAV TR, allowing specific nucleotide contacts with the RBE′ and directing nicking to the trs. Accordingly, alterations in the polarity or position of the RBE relative to the trsgreatly inhibit Rep nicking. Substitutions within the RBE′ also reduce Rep specific activity, but to a lesser extent. Interestingly, Rep interactions with the RBE and RBE′ during nicking seem to be functionally distinct. Rep contacts with the RBE appear necessary for both the DNA helicase and trs cleavage steps of the endonuclease reaction. On the other hand, RBE′ contacts seem to be required primarily for TR unwinding and formation of thetrs stem-loop structure, not cleavage. Together, these results suggest a model of Rep interaction with the AAV TR during origin nicking through a tripartite cleavage signal comprised of the RBE, the RBE′, and the trs.

scholarly journals Biomarker-Based Management of AKI: Fact or Fantasy?

Nephron ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marlies Ostermann ◽  
Emma Karsten ◽  
Nuttha Lumlertgul
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Current Role ◽  
Kinetic Profile ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
New Biomarkers

New biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI) have improved our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AKI. Depending on their origin, function, and kinetic profile, biomarkers have a role in screening, diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring of AKI. This offers opportunities to improve the management of AKI, but concerns and limitations remain. In this review, we summarize the current role of new AKI biomarkers in the management of AKI and outline some of the ongoing limitations and challenges.

Privacy: Its Origin, Function, and Future

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hirshleifer
Keyword(s):  
Origin Function
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