scholarly journals Immune response to vaccination in the elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. E14-E18
Author(s):  
Ivan Šterzl ◽  
Karolína Absolonová ◽  
Anna Fišerová
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Elderly

scholarly journals Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Dewald Schoeman ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Inhibition Antibody ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.

scholarly journals A probiotic fermented dairy product improves immune response to influenza vaccination in the elderly

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (OCE5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Aubin ◽  
M. Remigy ◽  
L. Verseil ◽  
R. Bourdet-Sicard ◽  
S. Vaudaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fermented Dairy Product ◽  
Fermented Dairy

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Differences in Physiological Background Between Children and Adults and Their Clinical Consequences

2021 ◽  
pp. S209-S225
Author(s):  
L KAPUSTOVA ◽  
O PETROVICOVA ◽  
P BANOVCIN ◽  
M ANTOSOVA ◽  
A BOBCAKOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Physiological Background

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has indeed been one of the most significant problems facing the world in the last decade. It has affected (directly or indirectly) the entire population and all age groups. Children have accounted for 1.7 % to 2 % of the diagnosed cases of COVID-19. COVID-19 in children is usually associated with a mild course of the disease and a better survival rate than in adults. In this review, we investigate the different mechanisms which underlie this observation. Generally, we can say that the innate immune response of children is strong because they have a trained immunity, allowing the early control of infection at the site of entry. Suppressed adaptive immunity and a dysfunctional innate immune response is seen in adult patients with severe infections but not in children. This may relate to immunosenescence in the elderly. Another proposed factor is the different receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and their differences in expression between these age groups. In infants and toddlers, effective immune response to viral particles can be modulated by the pre-existing non-specific effect of live attenuated vaccines on innate immunity and vitamin D prophylaxis. However, all the proposed mechanisms require verification in larger cohorts of patients. Our knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 is still developing.

Induction of a potent immune response in the elderly using the TLR-5 agonist, flagellin, with a recombinant hemagglutinin influenza–flagellin fusion vaccine (VAX125, STF2.HA1 SI)

Vaccine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (31) ◽  
pp. 4897-4902 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Taylor ◽  
John J. Treanor ◽  
Cynthia Strout ◽  
Casey Johnson ◽  
Theresa Fitzgerald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Recombinant Hemagglutinin ◽  
Potent Immune Response

scholarly journals Discrete Dynamical Modeling of Influenza Virus Infection Suggests Age-Dependent Differences in Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka Keef ◽  
Li Ang Zhang ◽  
David Swigon ◽  
Alisa Urbano ◽  
G. Bard Ermentrout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Delayed Onset

ABSTRACT Immunosenescence, an age-related decline in immune function, is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Older hosts exhibit a delayed onset of immunity and prolonged inflammation after an infection, leading to excess damage and a greater likelihood of death. Our study applies a rule-based model to infer which components of the immune response are most changed in an aged host. Two groups of BALB/c mice (aged 12 to 16 weeks and 72 to 76 weeks) were infected with 2 inocula: a survivable dose of 50 PFU and a lethal dose of 500 PFU. Data were measured at 10 points over 19 days in the sublethal case and at 6 points over 7 days in the lethal case, after which all mice had died. Data varied primarily in the onset of immunity, particularly the inflammatory response, which led to a 2-day delay in the clearance of the virus from older hosts in the sublethal cohort. We developed a Boolean model to describe the interactions between the virus and 21 immune components, including cells, chemokines, and cytokines, of innate and adaptive immunity. The model identifies distinct sets of rules for each age group by using Boolean operators to describe the complex series of interactions that activate and deactivate immune components. Our model accurately simulates the immune responses of mice of both ages and with both inocula included in the data (95% accurate for younger mice and 94% accurate for older mice) and shows distinct rule choices for the innate immunity arm of the model between younger and aging mice in response to influenza A virus infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infection causes high morbidity and mortality rates every year, especially in the elderly. The elderly tend to have a delayed onset of many immune responses as well as prolonged inflammatory responses, leading to an overall weakened response to infection. Many of the details of immune mechanisms that change with age are currently not well understood. We present a rule-based model of the intrahost immune response to influenza virus infection. The model is fit to experimental data for young and old mice infected with influenza virus. We generated distinct sets of rules for each age group to capture the temporal differences seen in the immune responses of these mice. These rules describe a network of interactions leading to either clearance of the virus or death of the host, depending on the initial dosage of the virus. Our models clearly demonstrate differences in these two age groups, particularly in the innate immune responses.

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