scholarly journals IS PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP’S CURRENT TRADE POLICY AREAL THREAT TO INTERNATIONALTRADE ORDER? LEGAL AND POLICY ASSESMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-438
Author(s):  
Piotr KOBIELSKI
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
White House ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Trade War

The purpose of this article is to answer the question whether the current trade policy of the President Donald Trump’s administration, aimed at greater protectionism and isolationism in international trade, may result in undermining or even dismantling international trade order as we know it for the last several decades. Taking into account unfolding trade war between the United States and the People’s Republic of China special focus is given to potential new trade warbetween the US and the European Union. In order to narrow the scope of the paper’s analysis and to best illustrate the prospect of the EU-US trade war special attention is given to historical and current trade disputes between both parties over agri-food products, including hormone-treated beef, bananas, GMOs, poultry meat treated with bactericidal substances, Spanish olives and American soybeans. In conclusion of this paper it is explained thatdue to several reasons the new US-EU trade waris highly unlikely. This said it is also concluded that current stance in international trade taken by the White House, although very controversial and openly confrontational, poses no real threat to modern international trade order.

scholarly journals The Influence of D. Trump’s Policy on International Trade

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Chudinova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade War

The increasing level of tension in the trade relations between the United States and other countries, especially China; the potential escalation of trade wars, when countries take more and more explicit retaliatory protectionist measures, becomes a sustainability risk to development of international trade. The US actions taken in 2018–2019 to protect the internal market turned into into a full-fledged trade war, directed primarily against China - the country the United States has the largest trade deficit with. The introduction of the US tariff restrictions on imports from China and several other countries has caused retaliatory measures, as a result the uncertainty of the prospects for international trade increases. Non-tariff measures, such as phytosanitary requirements and technical barriers to trade, have also seen an increase in restrictions.An important source of controversy is the different positions of countries regarding the permissible degree of state support for enterprises. Developed countries, especially the United States, Japan, and the countries of the European Union, have fairly rigidly regulated rules regarding free competition. A cause for great concern is not only the US trade war with China and its consequences for other countries, but also the problems of international trade regulation.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISPUTES AND THE PLACE OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN THEIR RESOLVING

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Flissak
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The World

The development and deepening of international division of labour have led to increased competition on the world markets. In this situation, national governments are forced to look for ways to protect their own manufacturers and domestic markets from foreign competitors. At the same time to promote their goods and services abroad countries participate in international organizations designed to liberalize trade relations, the largest of which is the World Trade Organization. The antagonistic nature of these processes leads to a significant number of trade disagreements and disputes that require proper settlement. Economic diplomacy is a powerful and effective means of their preventing and solving. Its tools allows to create the preconditions for proactive monitoring of trade processes in order to prevent the contradictions and disputes, and in the case of their appearance – for the fastest possible resolving, defining the possibility of finding mutually beneficial ways out of confrontational situations. It is important to study the practice of settlement of international trade disputes in the European Union and the United States. The purpose of this is the introduction of advanced foreign experience in the activity of the Ukrainian public authorities with the purpose of increase of efficiency of their functioning and national interests protection.

Why Adjudicate?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
Trade War

The World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees the negotiation and enforcement of formal rules governing international trade. Why do countries choose to adjudicate their trade disputes in the WTO rather than settling their differences on their own? This book investigates the domestic politics behind the filing of WTO complaints and reveals why formal dispute settlement creates better outcomes for governments and their citizens. It demonstrates that industry lobbying, legislative demands, and international politics influence which countries and cases appear before the WTO. Democratic checks and balances bias the trade policy process toward public lawsuits and away from informal settlements. Trade officials use legal complaints to manage domestic politics and defend trade interests. WTO dispute settlement enables states and domestic groups to signal resolve more effectively, thereby enhancing the information available to policymakers and reducing the risk of a trade war. The book establishes this argument with data on trade disputes and landmark cases, including the Boeing-Airbus controversy over aircraft subsidies, disagreement over Chinese intellectual property rights, and Japan's repeated challenges of U.S. steel industry protection. The book explains why the United States gains better outcomes for cases taken to formal dispute settlement than for those negotiated. Case studies of Peru and Vietnam show that legal action can also benefit developing countries.

scholarly journals A Critical Analysis of Mercosur Countries’ Trade Relationships with the United States and China

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
M. Anaam Hashmi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Series ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Export Industries

The Mercosur trade alliance formed in 1991 is composed of six full member countries. Historically, Mercosur member countries have been engaged in international trade with the United States, Japan, and the European Union, but recently, China has become a dominant player in the region, with increased foreign direct investment and international trade. Chinese commercial and trade involvement was followed by a visit to the region by President Jiang Zemin in 2001; therefore, this study relied on a 2000–2015 data series. Chinese enterprises are competing well with U.S. corporations in almost all Mercosur member countries. A majority of Mercosur members had a trade deficit with China in recent years, suggesting that Mercosur members cannot leverage their export industries and are losing their competitiveness. The future of the Mercosur-China trade relationship is bright because both sides require each other’s products. Future involvement also depends on the Chinese government’s strategic goals, and the competitiveness of U.S. corporations.

scholarly journals Elements of global superiority of The People's Republic of China in the 21st century

Napredak ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-102
Author(s):  
Žarko Obradović
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Chinese state has existed for more than five thousand years and in the history of human society it has always presented its own specific civilizational attainment, which exerted a considerable influence on the Asian region. In the years since its creation on October 1, 1949, and especially in the last decade, New China has stepped out beyond the region of Asia onto the global scene. With its economic power and international development projects (amongst which the Belt and Road projects stands out), China has become a leader of development and the promoter of the idea of international cooperation in the interests of peace and security in the world and the protection of the future of mankind. This paper will attempt to delineate the elements of the development of the People's Republic of China in the 21st century, placing a special focus on the realization of the Belt and Road initiative and the results of the struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic, all of which have made China an essential factor in the power relations between great global forces and the resultant change of attitude of the United States of America and the European Union towards China. Namely, China has always been a large country in terms of the size of its territory and population, but it is in the 21st century that the PR of China has become a strong state with the status of a global power. Such results in the organization of society and the state, the promotion of new development ideas and the achievement of set goals, would not have been possible without the Communist Party of China, as the main ideological, integrative and organizational factor within Chinese society. In its activities, the Chinese state sublimates the experiences of China's past with an understanding of the present moment in the international community and the need of Chinese citizens to improve the quality of life and to ensure stable development of the country. The United States and the European Union are taking various measures to oppose the strengthening of the People's Republic of China. These include looking after their interests and preserving their position in the international community, while simultaneously trying, if possible, to avoid jeopardizing their economic cooperation with China.

China—US Trade War: A Modern Version of the Thucydides Trap

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Yuqing XING
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Thucydides Trap ◽  
Trade War

China—US trade war looks like a modern version of the Thucydides Trap. The devastating consequences of the trade war can be avoided if China takes the drastic step to open its market to US firms and allow foreign firms to have a level playing field to compete with Chinese firms. It is time that Chinese consumers embrace products “made beyond China”. Strengthening economic cooperation with the European Union (EU) and Japan would give China the leverage to counterbalance the pressure of the United States. China, however, should be ready to offer significant concessions in opening its domestic market too.

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