Historical Masonry Towers: Overview, Seismic Vulnerability, Behavior During an Earthquake, Seismic Strengthening

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Ziad Ahmad Aldrebi
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Seismic Strengthening ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Masonry Towers ◽  
Historical Masonry

The article provides an overview of historic masonry towers such as the minarets of mosques, bell towers of churches, clock towers, leaning towers, so-called "falling towers" and ruined towers. It was considered what kind of masonry, what kind of mortars the Romans, the ancient Egyptians, the Inca and Mayan cultures in America used. Some aspects of seismic vulnerability of masonry towers were studied. The modes of destruction of thin masonry structures, mechanisms of destruction of masonry in towers are considered, the seismic behavior of historical masonry towers are considered, and one of the methods of seismic strengthening using an innovative "smart" material is presented.

Seismic Risk Mitigation of Historical Masonry Towers by Means of Prestressing Devices

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Preciado Quiroz ◽  
Silvio T. Sperbeck ◽  
Harald Budelmann ◽  
Gianni Bartoli ◽  
Elham Bazrafshan
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Masonry Towers ◽  
Seismic Risk Mitigation ◽  
Historical Masonry ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
And Behavior

This work presents the investigation of the efficiency of different prestressing devices as a rehabilitation measure for the seismic risk mitigation of historical masonry towers. As a first phase, the seismic vulnerability of theoretical masonry towers was assessed by means of numerical models validated with information from the literature, observed damage and behavior of these structures due to passed earthquakes (crack pattern and failure mechanisms), and mainly taking into account the engineering experience. Afterwards, the validated models were rehabilitated with different prestressing devices; analyzing the results and concluding which device or the combination of them improved in a better way the seismic performance of the masonry towers. Finally, the methodology will be applied in two historical masonry towers located in seismic areas; the medieval tower “Torre Grossa” of San Gimignano, Italy, and one of the bell towers of the Cathedral of Colima, Mexico.

scholarly journals Seismic assessment and rehabilitation of a historical masonry mosque

2019 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Ayman Trad ◽  
Tarek Sobhieh ◽  
Hassan Ghanem ◽  
Yehya Temsah
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Wall Model ◽  
Historical Masonry ◽  
Maximum Stresses

In order to assess the structural behaviour and to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of old masonry structures located in Lebanon, a historical masonry mosque was analysed under earthquake loading. A numerical model developed by the finite element method using Abaqus software was elaborated on the basis of previously published experimental studies. It was concluded that the numerical model can predict maximum stresses with reasonable accuracy, allowing control of a full scale wall model. This analysis shows that the stresses generated in the joints between the blocks exceed the ultimate shear stress of the mortar, resulting in cracks in the joints. The choice of an adequate structural rehabilitation method was limited because the mosque is of archaeological importance and its original appearance should not be modified. Therefore, a seismic retrofit solution using internal or external post tensioned tendons was recommended.

Seismic Behavior of Blocky Masonry Structures

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joa~o Azevedo ◽  
Gabriela Sincraian ◽  
J. V. Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Block Interaction ◽  
Steel Cables ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

The seismic behavior of structures composed by masonry blocks is analyzed using the discrete element method. Some features of the method are described including the representation of the block deformation, contacts and block interaction. The suitability of the method for the analysis of masonry structures is examined. The seismic behavior of some simple structural systems as well as that of some real structures is studied. It is shown that the method is able to reproduce important phenomena such as crack opening and joint sliding, which are responsible for the occurrence of structural damage and collapse. The collapse patterns of the analyzed structures are examined, reinforcing schemes using steel cables are considered and seismic vulnerability functions are obtained.

scholarly journals Nonlinear seismic behavior of historical masonry towers by means of different numerical models

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Facchini ◽  
Michele Betti ◽  
Riccardo Corazzi ◽  
Vladimir Cerisano Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Masonry Towers ◽  
Historical Masonry

Rehabilitation of Masonry Buildings with Fibre Reinforced Mortar: Practical Design Considerations Concerning Seismic Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ingrid Boem ◽  
Natalino Gattesco
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Seismic Resistance ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Collapse Mode ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Historical Masonry

Historic masonry buildings experience a high seismic vulnerability: innovative intervention strategies for strengthening, based on the use of fibre-based composite materials are gradually spreading. In particular, the coupling of fibre-based materials with mortar layers (Fibre Reinforced Mortar technique - FRM) evidenced a good chemical and mechanical compatibility with the historical masonry and proved to be effective for the enhancement of both in-plane and out-of-plane performances of masonry, contrasting the opening of cracks and improving both resistance and ductility. The resistant mechanisms that arise in FRM strengthened masonry walls subjected to in-plane horizontal actions are analyzed in the paper and a practical design approach to evaluate their performances is illustrated, evidencing the dominant collapse mode at the varying of the masonry characteristics. Some masonry walls are analyzed numerically and analytically, as “case study”.

scholarly journals Analytical and numerical seismic assessment of heritage masonry towers

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Torelli ◽  
Dina D’Ayala ◽  
Michele Betti ◽  
Gianni Bartoli
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Masonry Towers ◽  
Kinematic Analyses

Abstract The new Italian building code, published in 2018 [MIT in NTC 2018: D.M. del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei trasporti del 17/01/2018. Aggiornamento delle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (in Italian), 2018], explicitly refers to the Italian “Guidelines for the assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk of the cultural heritage” [PCM in DPCM 2011: Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri per valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle norme tecniche per le costruzioni, G.U. n. 47 (in Italian), 2011] as a reliable source of guidance that can be employed for the vulnerability assessment of heritage buildings under seismic loads. According to these guidelines, three evaluation levels are introduced to analyse and assess the seismic capacity of historic masonry structures, namely: (1) simplified global static analyses; (2) kinematic analyses based on local collapse mechanisms, (3) detailed global analyses. Because of the complexity and the large variety of existing masonry typologies, which makes it particularly problematic to adopt a unique procedure for all existing structures, the guidelines provide different simplified analysis approaches for different structural configurations, e.g. churches, palaces, towers. Among the existing typologies of masonry structures there considered, this work aims to deepen validity, effectiveness and scope of application of the Italian guidelines with respect to heritage masonry towers. The three evaluation levels proposed by the guidelines are here compared by discussing the seismic risk assessment of a representative masonry tower: the Cugnanesi tower located in San Gimignano (Italy). The results show that global failure modes due to local stress concentrations cannot be identified if only simplified static and kinematic analyses are performed. Detailed global analyses are in fact generally needed for a reliable prediction of the seismic performance of such structures.

scholarly journals A Bayesian model updating framework for robust seismic fragility analysis of non-isolated historic masonry towers

2019 ◽  
Vol 377 (2155) ◽  
pp. 20190024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Bartoli ◽  
Michele Betti ◽  
Antonino Maria Marra ◽  
Silvia Monchetti
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Model Updating ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Seismic Fragility ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviour ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Masonry Towers ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Different Sources

Seismic assessment of existing masonry structures requires a numerical model able to both reproduce their nonlinear behaviour and account for the different sources of uncertainties; the latter have to be dealt with since the unavoidable lack of knowledge on the input parameters (material properties, geometry, boundary conditions, etc.) has a relevant effect on the reliability of the seismic response provided by the numerical approaches. The steadily increasing necessity of combining different sources of information/knowledge makes the Bayesian approach an appealing technique, not yet fully investigated for historic masonry constructions. In fact, while the Bayesian paradigm is currently employed to solve inverse problems in several sectors of the structural engineering domain, only a few studies pay attention to its effectiveness for parameter identification on historic masonry structures. This study combines a Bayesian framework with probabilistic structural analyses: starting from the Bayesian finite element model updating by using experimental data it provides the definition of robust seismic fragility curves for non-isolated masonry towers. A comparison between this method and the standard deterministic approach illustrates its benefits. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Environmental loading of heritage structures’.

Innovative seismic strengthening of historic masonry walls using polymer mortar and steel strips

2021 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 111507
Author(s):  
Xianhua Yao ◽  
Zi-Xiong Guo ◽  
Syed Humayun Basha ◽  
Qunxian Huang
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Seismic Strengthening ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Steel Strips ◽  
Polymer Mortar
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