scholarly journals [Phonemic Transitions of Arabic Words in The Malay Language] Al-Tahwalat al-Sautiah lil Alfaz al-Arabiah fi al-Lughah al-Malawiya.

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-111
Author(s):  
Tasnim Binti Mohd Annuar
Keyword(s):  
Short Vowel ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Research Findings

This study aims to identify the phonic adaptations of Arabic loanwords in the Malay language which do not affect the syllabic system of those loanwords. The importance of the study is that it helps to produce a combined lexicon between Malay and Arabic which depends on the phonic adaptations to suit the Malay phonic systems. The method used in this study is contrastive method as the Arabic and Malay are not of one language family. Among the research findings is that the phonic adaptations that do not lead to the change of syllabic system of the loanwords include the replacement of consonant with consonant, and the replacement of short vowel with short vowel, and the replacement of semivowel with short vowel, and the replacement of the long vowel with diphthong, and the dissimilation  between the short vowels. Keywords : Arabic, Malay, Contrastive method, phones, Malay phones.        تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن التحولات الصوتيةالطارئة على الألفاظ العربية المقترضة في اللغة الملايوية وهي لا تؤثر في النظام المقطعي لتلك الألفاظ. وتظهر أهمية الدراسة في أنها تساعد في صناعة المعجم المشترك بين العربية والملايوية، حيث يعتمد الأمر على التولات الصوتية الطارئة لمناسبة النظام الصوتي في الملايوية. والمنهج المتبع في هذه الدراسة هو المنهج التقابلي، لأن العربية والملايوية ليستا من فصيلة واحدة. ومما توصلت إليه الدراسة أن التحولات الصوتية التي لا تؤدي إلى تغيير النظام المقطعي للالفاظ المقترضة تشمل إبدال الصامت بالصامت، وإبدال الحركة القصيرة بالحركة القصيرة، وإبدال شبه الحركة بالحركة القيصرة، وإبدال الحركة الطويلة بالحركة المزدوجة، والمخالفة بين الحركات. الكلمات المفتاحية: اللغة العبية، اللغة الملايوية، المنهج التقابلي، الأصوات، أصوات اللغة الملايوية.  

scholarly journals Lenisering etter kort vokal: relikt-fenomen eller opphav?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
Gjert Kristoffersen
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Limited Distribution ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Stage Process

The topic of the paper is a small group of Norwegian dialects where lenition of p, t, k into b, d, g in intervocalic and word-final position is limited to words characterized by a monomoraic, stressed syllable in Old Norse. These dialects are spoken in the easternmost local communities in Agder county, at the eastern margin of the South-Norwegian lenition areas where lenition hit all short oral stops irrespective of preceding vowel length. After the quantity shift had made all stressed vowels bimoraic, with rimes being either VV or VC, the distribution of the lenited plosives are after both long and short vowels (the main area) or after short vowels only (the eastern marginal area). Haslum (2004) argues that the limited distribution in the east ist the result of a reversal after long vowels only. While this cannot be refuted as a possibility, I argue below that it may also be the result of a two-stage process, whereby lenition after a short vowel has spread further than the generalized process.

The prosodic licensing of coda consonants in early speech: interactions with vowel length

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
KELLY MILES ◽  
IVAN YUEN ◽  
FELICITY COX ◽  
KATHERINE DEMUTH
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Elicited Imitation ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Open Class ◽  
Lexical Constraints

AbstractEnglish has a word-minimality requirement that all open-class lexical items must contain at least two moras of structure, forming a bimoraic foot (Hayes, 1995).Thus, a word with either a long vowel, or a short vowel and a coda consonant, satisfies this requirement. This raises the question of when and how young children might learn this language-specific constraint, and if they would use coda consonants earlier and more reliably after short vowels compared to long vowels. To evaluate this possibility we conducted an elicited imitation experiment with 15 two-year-old Australian English-speaking children, using both perceptual and acoustic analysis. As predicted, the children produced codas more often when preceded by short vowels. The findings suggest that English-speaking two-year-olds are sensitive to language-specific lexical constraints, and are more likely to use coda consonants when prosodically required.

Writing skill difficulties for 'beginner' learners of the Arabic Language

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Fatma Omari
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The University

Abstract This field study on a group of non-native Arabic learners studying at the Language Center at the University of Jordan from beginner to intermediate levels, aims to highlight the main difficulties facing the students in the course of learning how to write Arabic correctly and how to distinguish between the sounds of letters and short vowels. The attempt to turn the pronounced sound into a written letter is something that occurs mostly while writing the points and vowels. If we go back to the syntactic khalilian ideas, we find that points are semi-letters and this can be achieved easily by non-speakers of Arabic. However, it’s difficult for beginners to distinguish between the long and the short points in the single word, and secondly, in the sentence. A student who did not learn the written form of the word may confuse the word "جَلَسَ"with "جالس", while others may think it to be"جالاس". Others may confuse the word"جالِس" with"جاليس"، "جليس" or "جَلِس".The reason why beginners make such mistakes is that during the early stages of teaching the sound of the short vowel is often accentuated. This results in students often exaggerating the short vowel point by giving it a bigger dimension and expressing it with a long vowel. When learners hear words in a fast-pronounced context; they think that the long vowels are short vowels, such as the word "كتاب" they think it "كِتَب"and "كتابة"or as "كِتَبَة", or may think the word"قَلَمٌ"as"قلام"، "قلامُن"، "قَلَمُن"،or "قلامون"This research emphasizes on the importance of teaching writing as one of the four skills upon which the language is acquired as well as the other skills; listening, reading, and conversation. Writing is a productive skill indicates the student has learned the best representation at the level of all that is true to the language and all that is below that in the lexicon and grammar, spelling and sound levels. Keywords: Arabic, writing, unnative speakers, difficulties

Length as a Phoneme in the German Vowel System

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
Hugo Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Short Vowel ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Phonetic Value

It is customary to represent the German vowel system as consisting of seven short vowels / i / , / e / , / a / , / o / , /u/, / ö / , /ü/ and seven long vowels / i : / , / e : / , / a : / , / o : / , / u :/, / ö : / , / ü : /. In this analysis the short vowels have the phonetic value [I, ε, α, ɔ, U, œ, Y], whereas the long vowels are described as consisting of short vowel plus the phoneme / : /.[: ] obviously does not only mean length, but it includes several features of quality, i.e. tenseness, fronting, and raising. It will be noted that the contrast tense-lax applies to every single pair: [i — I ] , [e — ε], [a — α], [o — ɔ], [u — U] [ö — œ], [ ü — Y].

scholarly journals The Austronesian Game Taxonomy: A cross-cultural dataset of historical games

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Leisterer-Peoples ◽  
Susanne Hardecker ◽  
Joseph Watts ◽  
Simon J. Greenhill ◽  
Cody T. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Goal Structure ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Findings

AbstractHumans in most cultures around the world play rule-based games, yet research on the content and structure of these games is limited. Previous studies investigating rule-based games across cultures have either focused on a small handful of cultures, thus limiting the generalizability of findings, or used cross-cultural databases from which the raw data are not accessible, thus limiting the transparency, applicability, and replicability of research findings. Furthermore, games have long been defined as competitive interactions, thereby blinding researchers to the cross-cultural variation in the cooperativeness of rule-based games. The current dataset provides ethnographic, historic information on games played in cultural groups in the Austronesian language family. These game descriptions (Ngames = 907) are available and codeable for researchers interested in games. We also develop a unique typology of the cooperativeness of the goal structure of games and apply this typology to the dataset. Researchers are encouraged to use this dataset to examine cross-cultural variation in the cooperativeness of games and further our understanding of human cultural behaviour on a larger scale.

scholarly journals Vocalic Alternations in the History of Irish

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jaskuła ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Vowel ◽  
Old Irish ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Government Phonology ◽  
History Of

Vocalic alternations occur in many languages, both past and present, and the reason why they do is on many occasions contemporary and context-triggered, i.e. phonological. Sometimes, however, the cause of vocalic changes cannot be associated with the phonological context. In this paper we will look at the alternations of short vowels in the history of the Irish language with a view to discovering whether these changes can be perceived as synchronic and context-motivated or, rather, as belonging to morphophonology, i.e. being diachronically determined. This work is organised as follows. First, we will become acquainted with the basic tenets of Government Phonology, a theory of representations in the spirit of which the ensuing analysis will be conducted. Second, recent approaches to the issue of short vowel alternations in two dialects of Modern Irish (Munster and Connemara) will be presented and discussed. Third, alternating short vocalic expressions of Old Irish will be examined, which will be accompanied with an excursion to prehistoric times. Finally, conclusions as regards the nature of Irish alternations will be offered.

scholarly journals The Ambiguity of the Relations between Graphemes and Phonemes in the Persian Orthographic System

Glottometrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Mosavi Miangah ◽  
Relja Vulanović
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree

In this paper, the degree to which Persian orthography deviates from transparency is quantified and evaluated. We investigate the relations between graphemes and phonemes in Persian, in which the writing system is not fully representative of the spoken language, mostly due to the omission of the short-vowel graphemes. We measure the degree of the Persian orthographic system transparency using a heuristic mathematical model. We apply the same measures to orthographic systems of other languages and compare the results to those obtained for Persian. The results show a relatively high degree of transparency in Persian when it comes to writing, but a low degree of transparency when it comes to reading. We also consider models that avoid the problems related to the short vowels in Persian and these models demonstrate a considerable decrease of the uncertainty in the Persian orthographic system.

Variation and change in thetrapandstrutvowels of RP: a real time comparison of five acoustic data sets

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H. Fabricius
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Methodological Innovation ◽  
Acoustic Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Geometric Relationship ◽  
Angle Calculation

The present study examines evidence for change in real time within the short vowel subsystem of the RP accent of English over the course of the twentieth century. It compares plots of average formant positions for the short vowels, stemming from several data corpora. It furthermore describes a change over time in the juxtaposition of thetrapandstrutvowels as captured in the calculated angle and distance between the two, usingtrapas a fixed point. This representation of a relationship in a single measurement by means of angle calculation is a methodological innovation for the sociophonetic enterprise. A value specifying the geometric relationship between two vowel positions is precise and replicable, as well as abstract enough to be comparable across data sets. Differences between ‘phonetic’ and ‘sociolinguistic’ stances on the interpretation of acoustic vowel data in formant plots and the issue of suitable vowel normalisation procedures for sociophonetics will also be discussed.

Processing of Short Vowels, Long Vowels, and Vowel Digraphs by Disabled and Non-Disabled Readers

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-956
Author(s):  
Mary Lynne Calhoun ◽  
Christine L. Allegretti
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Average Intelligence ◽  
Disabled Readers

The speed with which disabled and non-disabled readers process short vowels, long vowels, and vowel digraphs was investigated in this study, an exploration of Morrison's 1984 conceptualization of reading disability as the failure to master the complex irregular system of rules governing sound-symbol correspondence in English. 7 disabled and 7 non-disabled readers, all of average intelligence, were presented pseudoword pairs on slides and asked to identify a pronounced target word by identifying its position (“top” or “bottom”). Reaction time was measured with voice-operated relay and digital millisecond clock counter. The pseudoword pairs were formed such that each pseudoword was paired with another that was identical except for one or two vowels in the medial position. No effects of type of reader (disabled or nondisabled) and type of letters in the medial position (long vowel, short vowel, vowel digraph) on reaction time were noted. Analysis of reaction times for individual words gave significant differences. The need for an empirically supported “complexity scale” is discussed.

scholarly journals Excrescent vowels in Lamkang prefix sequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-213
Author(s):  
Mary Burke ◽  
Shobhana Chelliah ◽  
Melissa Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Vowel Epenthesis ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Epenthetic Vowel

AbstractLamkang is a Trans-Himalayan language spoken in the Chandel District of Manipur, India by under 10,000 ethnically Naga people. Due to a complex person indexation system in Lamkang clauses, multiple prefixes with the shape C- are attached to a verb stem creating lexemes with the shape CCCCVC. To make such forms pronounceable, speakers insert super-short vowel-like segments between the C- prefixes. Combining acoustic analysis with speakers’ intuitions about syllable structure, we examine the nature of these segments, arguing that an accurate phonetic description of Lamkang vowels must include these super-short vowels, as well as long and short vowels, which are phonemically distinct. We call these super-short vowels excrescent, following the terminology discussed in Hall (2011. Vowel epenthesis. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The blackwell companion to phonology, 1576–1596. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0067: 1584). The excrescent vowel is a type of epenthetic vowel, sometimes also called “intrusive”, and is typified by its short duration and centralized quality distinct from lexical vowels. It is unstressed and has the phonetic effect of helping to transition between consonants. We show that the excrescent vowels in Lamkang have formant structures that barely resemble the characteristic formant profiles of the short and long vowels. While excrescent vowels are not contrastive, they are phonologically relevant because they have just enough sonority to form nuclei of CiVCii syllables where Cii is often ambisyllabic with the following syllable. The Lamkang data show that while any language-specific phonotactic constraints must reference the syllable, what constitutes a syllable must include the possibility of excrescent vowels as nuclei.

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