Matrilineal Genealogy of <I>Hynobius</I> (Caudata: Hynobiidae) anda Temporal Perspective on Varying Levels of Diversity among Lineages of Salamanders on the Japanese Islands

This chapter analyses the practical application of the law of belligerent occupation in internationalized armed conflicts in its temporal, geographical, and personal dimensions. Firstly, from a temporal perspective, the law is shown to apply once one of the conflict parties consolidates its control over the enemy territory and substitutes its own authority for that of the displaced enemy. Secondly, the chapter assesses the geographical scope of the applicable law and draws specific guidelines for the determination of the territory subject to the law of occupation in various types of internationalized armed conflicts. Thirdly, the chapter endorses the allegiance-based approach to the designation of protected persons under the law of occupation and applies it to the reality of internationalized armed conflict. Overall, the chapter presents a workable toolkit for the application of the law of occupation to internationalized armed conflicts.

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Rethinking knowledge and skills in migration: A spatial–temporal perspective

Population Space and Place ◽

10.1002/psp.2450 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gery Nijenhuis ◽

Maggi W.H. Leung ◽

Marcel Coenders ◽

Nanneke Winters

Keyword(s):

Temporal Perspective ◽

Knowledge And Skills

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Hate Crime and Place: The Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Bias-Motivated Crime in Washington, D.C.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520987817 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052098781

Author(s):

Marin R. Wenger ◽

Brendan Lantz

Keyword(s):

Hate Crime ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Temporal Perspective ◽

Spatial Stability ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

Crime Types ◽

High Degree ◽

Block Groups ◽

Street Segments

Prior research suggests that many crime types are spatially concentrated and stable over time. Hate crime, however, is a unique crime type that is etiologically distinct from others. As such, examination of hate crime from a spatial and temporal perspective offers an opportunity to understand hate crime and the spatial concentration of crime more generally. The current study examines the spatial stability of hate crimes reported to the police in Washington, D.C., from 2012 through 2018 using street segments, intersections, and block groups as units of analysis. Findings reveal that hate crime is spatially concentrated, with less than 4% of street segments and intersections experiencing hate crime over the study period. Results reveal a high degree of spatial stability, both year-to-year and over the long term even when restricting the analysis to units that experienced at least one hate crime.

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Exploring the effect of renewable energy on low-carbon sustainable development in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: evidence from the spatial-temporal perspective

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-13611-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jianhan He ◽

Jianhua Chen ◽

Hengming Peng ◽

HaiLin Duan

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Belt And Road Initiative ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Temporal Perspective ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Belt And Road

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Studying Collaboration Dynamics in Physical Learning Spaces: Considering the Temporal Perspective through Epistemic Network Analysis

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21092898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 2898

Author(s):

Milica Vujovic ◽

Ishari Amarasinghe ◽

Davinia Hernández-Leo

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Learning ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Learning Design ◽

Learning Spaces ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Temporal Perspective ◽

Learning Space ◽

Collaboration Dynamics ◽

Collaborative Activities

The role of the learning space is especially relevant in the application of active pedagogies, for example those involving collaborative activities. However, there is limited evidence informing learning design on the potential effects of collaborative learning spaces. In particular, there is a lack of studies generating evidence derived from temporal analyses of the influence of learning spaces on the collaborative learning process. The temporal analysis perspective has been shown to be essential in the analysis of collaboration processes, as it reveals the relationships between students’ actions. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of a temporal perspective to broaden understanding of the effects of table shape on collaboration when different group sizes and genders are considered. On-task actions such as explanation, discussion, non-verbal interaction, and interaction with physical artefacts were observed while students were engaged in engineering design tasks. Results suggest that table shape influences student behaviour when taking into account different group sizes and different genders.

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