scholarly journals ON THE EARLY IRON AGE OF JETYSU: RESULTS OF SOME DATA SYSTEMATIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-484
Author(s):  
G. S. Jumabekova ◽  
G. A. Bazarbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Early States ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Culture Development ◽  
Eastern Turkestan

Today a big amount of data on the culture of the early Iron Age population of Jetysu has been gathered. This chronological horizon is represented by various monuments — settlements, mounds, petroglyphs, treasures and accidental finds. Systematic studies of the early Iron Age monuments of the region are connected with the name of K. A. Akishev. Jetysu («Seven Rivers» from Kazakh «jety» — «seven», «su» — «water») is a vast region in the historical and cultural aspect, located in the southeast of Kazakhstan. Jetysu is surrounded by steppes and foothills of Saryarka, Kazakh Altay, Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan. In the ancient times Jetysu was one of political, administrative and religious centers of the early states of the Scythian-Saka time. This is vividly evidenced by numerous burial mounds, including so-called royal burial mounds as well as settlements. Some astonishing similarity of a number of elite burial elements of the steppe belt of Eurasia before 1 thousand BC can be explained by the fact that the elitist character of the burials most clearly reflects the main features of the mytho-ritual complex, which s clearly expressed in the funeral-memorial ritual. Further studies of the early nomadic monuments of Jetysu — the most important region, without archaeological materials of which it is impossible to solve the problems of Scythian culture development, are topical.

scholarly journals The earliest archaeological materials from excavations of 2013–2014 in the area of Yaroslavovo Dvorishche

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
A. Andrienko ◽  
◽  
A. Shureyev ◽  
M. Zheltova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Lower Horizon ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Metal Age

This paper considers the archaeological artefacts from the lower horizon of cultural deposits of the site excavated in 2013–2014 at Yaroslavovo Dvorishche in Veliky Novgorod. On the basis of morphological examination of the finds, three chronological groups have been distinguished dating from the mediaeval period (10th–11th century), early Iron Age and the Early Metal Age.

Nomads and the Shaping of Central Asia: from the Early Iron Age to the Kushan period

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE RAPIN
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the role of the nomads in shaping the history of Central Asia during the period from the early Iron Age to the rule of the Kushan Empire. This study is based on the archaeological and chronological framework provided for the middle Zerafshan Valley by the site of Koktepe. The findings suggest that the nomads are a constant factor in the history of the steppe belt and of all the adjacent southern lands, and that they may have played an important role in the renewal of cultures and in the development of international trade.

scholarly journals Mapping and Damage Assessment of “Royal” Burial Mounds in the Siberian Valley of the Kings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino Caspari
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
River Terrace ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Northern River ◽  
Preservation Conditions ◽  
Burial Mounds

The Valley of the Kings in Tuva Republic, southern Siberia, is arguably one of the most important archaeological landscapes in the eastern Eurasian steppes. Nonetheless, little information exists about the spatial characteristics and preservation conditions of this burial ground consisting of large “royal” mounds. We map the large monuments of the Uyuk Valley’s northern river terrace and assess their state of preservation based on high-resolution optical satellite data. The burial site consists of several hundred mounds, over 150 of them with diameters of more than 25 m, the largest monuments are bigger than 100 m in diameter. This makes the Valley of the Kings in Tuva Republic one of the largest Early Iron Age burial sites in the Eurasian steppes. Unfortunately, around 92% of the large monuments are in bad condition, mostly due to looting.

scholarly journals Burial Mounds, Ard Marks, and Memory: A Case Study from the Early Iron Age at Bamble, Telemark, Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Christian Løchsen Rødsrud
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Field System ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Point Of Departure

The point of departure for this article is the excavation of two burial mounds and a trackway system in Bamble, Telemark, Norway. One of the mounds overlay ard marks, which led to speculation as to whether the site was ritually ploughed or whether it contained the remains of an old field system. Analysis of the archaeometric data indicated that the first mound was related to a field system, while the second was constructed 500–600 years later. The first mound was probably built to demonstrate the presence of a kin and its social norms, while these norms were renegotiated when the second mound was raised in the Viking Age. This article emphasizes that the ritual and profane aspects were closely related: mound building can be a ritualized practice intended to legitimize ownership and status by the reuse of domestic sites in the landscape. Further examples from Scandinavia indicate that this is a common, but somewhat overlooked, practice.

Iron Age Camps in northwestern France and southwestern Britain

Antiquity ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
pp. 58-79
Author(s):  
R. E. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Local Initiative ◽  
The Real ◽  
Local Basis ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Map Distance

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the problems of the Early Iron Age in the British Isles; and, amongst these problems, that of the relationship between the insular and the continental cultures of the period has not become simpler or clearer as the British evidence has accumulated. How far, and in what manner, were the various Iron Age cultures of Britain derived from the continent? How far, and under what conditions, were they due to local initiative in Britain itself? Until questions such as these can be answered approximately, it will remain impossible alike to estimate the real achievement of the later prehistoric civilization of the island and to visualize the full significance of the adjacent civilization of northwestern Europe. The problem is not an easy one. The agricultural and therefore local basis of most of the Iron Age economy of Britain encouraged the strong local differentiation of cultural forms, and this local individuality was enhanced by the fashion in which the major tracts of open and habitable chalk or greensand tended, in ancient times, to be isolated by expanses of dense and often impassable forest. And, similarly, an intrusive element from overseas might easily take root in a particular area of southern or eastern Britain without directly affecting other areas within a relatively short map-distance.

scholarly journals On the Study of Scythian Mobility Based on Paleoanthropological Materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 275-287
Author(s):  
Maria Dobrovolskaya ◽  
Semen Volodin
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The Individual

Introduction. The paper is about the study of the human skeletal remains isotopic composition from Middle Don burial mounds of the Scythian time to characterize the population mobility. Methods and materials. The materials from the monuments of Kolbino 1, Ternovoe 1, Gorki I, Devitsa V, Durovka are considered. Data on the isotopic composition of strontium enamel in teeth and bone tissue is used to estimate the mobility of the population. Information on the isotopic composition of bone carbon collagen and nitrogen is also used to reconstruct food models that reflect cultural traditions as well as environmental patterns. Analysis. Values of 87/86 Sr of bone and tooth enamel are considered as markers of an individuals stay at different ages in a territory similar or different by geochemical parameters to regional Middle Don. Data on the isotopic composition of nitrogen and carbon in bone tissue from the burial mounds are considered with broad comparative data of the steppe Eurasian population of the Early Iron Age. Results. The authors discuss carbon delta values marking the use of C4 type photosynthesis plants. Millet is this cultural plant in Eurasian history of the Early Iron Age. This plant is widely spread in all steppe and nomadic cultures. The individual variability of carbon delta of Middle Don population is increased compared to all others. There are individuals who differ from the majority in lower carbon deltas corresponding to the C3 type of photosynthesis. This feature is proposed to consider as an evidence of contacts with the territories with the antique agriculture traditions.

WIGGLE-MATCH DATING OF A FLOATING OAK CHRONOLOGY FROM AN EARLY IRON AGE GRAVE CONSTRUCTION (ERESZTVÉNYI FOREST, FEHÉRVÁRCSURGÓ, HUNGARY)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Z Kern ◽  
B Jungbert ◽  
A Morgós ◽  
M Molnár ◽  
E Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Matching Procedure ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACT Archaeological excavations unearthed three burial mounds between 1983 and 1986 at Fehérvárcsurgó (Hungary). Based on the archaeological determination the site was dated to the Early Iron Age. A complex wooden architecture was observed in the largest tumulus containing inner and outer beam constructions separated by stone blocks. Dendrochronological and radiocarbon (14C) analyses were performed on conserved logs (n=5) to constrain the felling date of the timber, identified as oak, and the construction period of the tumuli. The four longest ringwidth series were synchronized providing a 153-yr-long floating chronology. Five blocks were removed from the cross sections and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C analysis was performed on the separated α-cellulose. A wiggle-matching procedure was employed as the 14C ages were in agreement with their relative position in the tree-ring sequence and concurred with the expected archaeological period. The calibrated age range of the last extant ring is 747–707 cal BC (95.4%). The earliest possible felling date of the trees used in the construction was between 735 and 695 BC considering the missing sapwood. This is the first 14C dated tree-ring width chronology from the Early Iron Age in Hungary providing a valuable reference for dendroarchaeological studies along the eastern border of the Hallstatt Culture.

Myskhako necropolis. Excavations in 1978 – 1979

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Ancient Times

The series of articles «The Pontic necropolises» has been published since 2007, and has explored a number of funerary monuments of the Early Iron Age and ancient times of the Abrau Peninsula. In the fi volume of the series the complex of burials of the Myskhako burial ground is introduced into scientifi circulation. Two burial horizons have been discovered in this region, which are separated by two and a half millennia. Like the neighboring ancient Gorgippia, the settlement of Myskhako (Bata village: Strabo, XI, 2, 14; Ptol., Geogr. V, 89), with which the published necropolis is connected, is located at the crossroads of sea and land highways.

The Iron Age Enclosures and Prehistoric Landscape of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire

1997 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 221-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parker Pearson ◽  
R.E. Sydes ◽  
S. Boardman ◽  
B. Brayshay ◽  
P.C. Buckland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

The Early Iron Age enclosures and associated sites on Sutton Common on the western edge of the Humberhead Levels contain an exceptional variety of archaeological data of importance not only to the region but for the study of later prehistory in the British Isles. Few other later prehistoric British sites outside the East Anglian fens and the Somerset Levels have thus far produced the quantity and quality of organically preserved archaeological materials that have been found, despite the small scale of the investigations to date. The excavations have provided an opportunity to integrate a variety of environmental analyses, of wood, pollen, beetles, waterlogged and carbonised plant remains, and of soil micromorphology, to address archaeological questions about the character, use, and environment of this Early Iron Age marsh fort. The site is comprised of a timber palisaded enclosure and a succeeding multivallate enclosure linked to a smaller enclosure by a timber alignment across a palaeochannel, with associated finds ranging in date from the Middle Bronze Age to the Roman and medieval periods. Among the four adjacent archaeological sites is an Early Mesolithic occupation site, also with organic preservation, and there is a Late Neolithic site beneath the large enclosure. Desiccation throughout the common is leading to the damage and loss of wooden and organic remains. It is hoped that the publication of these results, of investigations between 1987 and 1993, will lead to a fuller investigation taking place.

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