scholarly journals BRONZE CROSS-SHAPED PLAQUES AS A CHRONOLOGY INDICATOR OF SKYTHIAN KURGANS OF THE NORTH PONTIC REGION OF THE SECOND — THIRD QUARTER OF THE 4th CENTURY BC

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
S. V. Polin ◽  
М. N. Daragan
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Main Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Made In

In the Scythian kurgans of the IVth century BC in the Northern Black Sea region, 31 bronze cruciform plaques were found. Such plaques are found mainly in male graves and much less often in female ones. These plaques were used as quiver buckles and for attaching the quiver to the belt. The main zone of concentration of cross-shaped plaques finds covers is the territory of the Lower Dnieper region, directly to the Dnieper. Apparently, this indicates that they were made in this region, where their place of manufacture could be only Kamenskoe hillfort, which was the center of metallurgy and metalworking in Steppe Scythia. From here they diverged south-east to Sivash within the present-day Kherson region, and much further north to the forest-steppe within the present-day right-bank Cherkasy and left-bank Kiev regions. Cross-shaped plaques are indicators of the advance of the steppe Scythians from the Lower Dnieper region to the north in the Ukrainian forest-steppe, to the west as far as the Lower Danube and very close to the south-east to Sivash. The latter direction, apparently, corresponds to migrations to winter pastures. More than half of all finds of cross-shaped plaques reliably date from within the second to third quarters of the IVth century BC, which gives every reason to assume the same dating for the complexes, where there are no own dating materials. In general, such bronze cross-shaped plaques are a reliable chronological indicator Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region of the second — third quarter of the IVth century BC, and also partly ethnic.

scholarly journals Barrow 5 of the «Sluiceway» group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester and Scythian cenotaphs of the North-West Black Sea Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Vitalij Stepanovich Sinika ◽  
Nikolai Petrovich Telnov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Black Sea ◽  
West Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

The paper publishes and analyzes the Scythian barrow 5 of the Sluiceway group of barrows located near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya District, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The mound was erected at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries BC and contained eight Scythian funeral structures, three of which were cenotaphs. Only 14 such symbolic graves are known in the North-West Black Sea region. In addition to the three graves published in the present work, there is Balabany 6/1, Semyonovka 20, Kochkovatoe 48/4, Volovarskata Mogila 1 and 2, Glinoe 40/1, Glinoe/Sluiceway 6/3, 6/4, 8/1 and 8/4, Glinoe/Garden 7/3. They were made in the second half of the 4th-2nd centuries BC. A significant number of childrens cenotaphs (8), allows us to assume that they were all made by settled Scythians. The use of some of the complexes (4 cases) as cenotaphs can be impugned. At the same time, there are no doubts about the existence of real cenotaphs (under-barrow complexes, with or without funeral structures) intended for symbolic internment of people (10 cases), whose bodies could not be betrayed to earth for any reasons.

scholarly journals Scythian Barrow of the Second Half of the 5th Century BC in the Lower Dniester Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Sinika ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Nikolay Telnov ◽  
Sergey Razumov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Stone Slab ◽  
The Moment ◽  
West Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article publishes and analyses the materials obtained during excavations of Scythian barrow 9 of the group Vodovod near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeysk district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The barrow was surrounded by a ring ditch and contained two burials of medieval nomads - the main one, the Scythian, and the secondary, the inlet one. Methods. The mound was excavated by the method of parallel trenches, leaving stratigraphic profiles. When analyzing the materials obtained, a comparatively typological method was applied. Analysis. The main burial was made in a catacomb of unusual construction. The entrance well of the catacomb was filled with stone slabs and boulders characterized with utmost accuracy of production. Despite this, in antiquity the burial was robbed three times: through the entrance well, through the roof of the funeral chamber and through the robbery mine, which went to the burial chamber from the north-eastern floor of the mound. The preserved grave goods are represented with a handmade pot, an iron knife, an iron needle and an awl, a lead finial, a stone slab, a burned pebble, a piece of mineral paint, a wooden kneader, a bronze horse harness and golden pendants. The stone slab was made very carefully, and the wooden kneader is the second such find in the North-West Black Sea region. Bronze items of horse harness have no analogues in the Scythian burial complexes of the North Black Sea region. The construction of barrow 9 of the group Vodovod dates back to the second half of the 5th century BC and is determined on the basis of gold pendants, which analogies are known only in the Malyy Chertomlyk barrow in the Lower Dnieper region. Results.The most important is the fact that the studied barrow was found in the microzone (near the Glinoe village of the Slobodzeya district), where at the moment not only the Scythian burial sites of the 5th - 2nd centuries BC are known, but also a settlement of that time. This testifies to the continual dwelling of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester River during this period.

scholarly journals New Sarmatian grave on the left bank of the Lower Dniester

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Sergey Olegovich Simonenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
West Black Sea ◽  
West Black Sea Region

In 2018, a secondary Sarmatian burial with an impressive inventory (molded pot, pottery jug, silver earring, necklace of beads) was discovered in the Scythian mound in the course of the study of the barrow group Garden near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeya region, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. Orientation of the buried head to the south-southeast is quite rare in the North-West Black Sea region. The cult of fire is fixed by the finds of three burned pebbles from the left to the head. A handmade pot combines features known for the dishes of a given cultural and chronological period. At the same time, the wave-like ornament in the upper part of the body was fixed only once on a similar vessel in the Danube-Dniester interfluve. Of particular interest is a pottery jug from the complex. Such forms were not previously known in the North-West Black Sea region. The closest analogies to the vessel come from the sites of the Volga-Don interfluve. Earrings identical to those found in the published grave are widely represented in the materials of the Prut-Dniester interfluve, the Middle and Lower Dniester. Necklaces of various shapes and beads belong to the most mass material received by the Sarmatians from ancient centers. The burial dates back to the 2nd century based on the analysis of the grave goods.

scholarly journals Scythian barrow № 4 of the «Sluiceway» group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Vitalij Stepanovich Sinika ◽  
Nikolai Petrovich Telnov ◽  
Oksana Alexandrovna Zakordonets
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
Secondary Burial ◽  
North Western

The paper publishes materials obtained during the study of Scythian barrow 4 of the Sluiceway group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester in 2016. The main burial, almost completely robbed in antiquity, was surrounded by a ring ditch with two ruptures - in the northwest and southeast. At the western extremity of the northern arch of the ditch a horses skull was found. Secondary burial of the barrow remained undisturbed. It was done in an oblong pit. Such constructions have not been fixed in the Danube-Dniester steppes so far, except for a pit of similar proportions, excavated in the barrow 5 of the same cemetery as the published complex. The analysis of the funeral rite and a few preserved inventories demonstrates that both burials belonged to ordinary members of the Scythian community. At the same time, the gold holder and bronze earring from the secondary burial have practically no analogies in the Scythian complexes of the steppes of the North-Western Black Sea Region. A nail-shaped earring from the secondary grave testifies to the cultural impulse from the population of the Middle Dniester Region (forest-steppe), reflected in the finery of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester in the second half of the 4th century BC.

Blechkanne. Copper Hammered Pitchers of the First Centuries AD from the North Pontic Area and Sarmatia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.Ю. Трейстер
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
North Western ◽  
Made In

The article is devoted to the finds of jugs hammered out of sheet of the Straldzha type in the North Pontic region, which were first investigated by B.A. Raev in the 1970s and 1980s, who assumed that they were made in the workshops of Thrace. An analysis of the chronology of the vessels shows that in Sarmatia, with rare exception, predominate finds in the funeral contexts of the late 1st and the first half of the 2nd century AD., while in the Bosporus and partly in the South-Western Crimea, the finds of such pitchers predominate in the complexes and layers of the mid-3rd – early 4th century AD. Taking into account the finds of recent decades in the territory of the Western and North-Western Pontic area, in the Crimea, as well as in the burials of the nomads of Asian Sarmatia and the mapping of finds, it becomes evident that the center of the conglomeration of finds in the Northern Black Sea Coast is located in the Bosporan Kingdom with the “splashes” on adjacent territories: to the west – to the region of the South-Western Crimea and to the north-east – to the nomads of the Lower Don region. The doubts expressed by J. Kunow and D.B. Shelov over 30 years ago that pitchers of the Straldzha type were manufactured only in Thrace and Shelov’s assumption, that they may have been produced in the northern Black Sea area, become especially relevant now. To consider, as before, that all these pitchers, which were simple, easy in production and used most probably to boil water, found in the Northern Black Sea area (where the number of finds exceeds the Thracian ones by a factor of two) were made in Thrace, becomes more and more complicated and, in my opinion, contradicts logic. I am not going to postulate that the finds from Thrace were made in the Bosporan Kingdom, they could have been made in the local workshops or in Pannonia.

scholarly journals Barrow 11 of the “Garden” Group in the Lower Dniester Region and Contemporary “Mythmaking” About Scythian “Amazons”

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-101
Author(s):  
Vitalij Sinika ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Sergey Razumov ◽  
Nikolaj Telnov ◽  
Sylwia Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Women Warriors ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Stone Slab

The article publishes and analyzes materials obtained during the study of the Scythian barrow 11 of the “Garden” group excavated in 2018 near village Glinoe, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester, for the first time.The barrow was surrounded by a circular ditch and contained four burials – one infant and three female. The tools from the barrow are represented by knives, spindle-whorls, needle. The only piece of tableware was found and it was a wooden bowl. The adornments (a pair of earrings, two bead necklaces, one bead bracelet, two “elbow bracelets”) were also discovered. Earrings with conical bulges on one of the endings testify to the Thracian influence on the material culture of the Scythians of the North-West Black Sea region. All female graves contained mirrors. Two of them are identical, and both were laid under the body of the buried. One of the mirrors has handle aforethoughtly broken in antiquity. The cult objects are a pendant made of a dog’s tooth and a stone slab, the arrowheads are the only weapons. The barrow dates back to the second half (preferably the third quarter) of the 4th century BC. Finding a quiver set in the grave 4 of barrow 11 of Glinoe/”Garden” group made the authors to analyze the burials of the so-called Scythian “amazons” of the North Black Sea region. It turned out that many of them were attributed with flagrant violations of scientific methods as burials of women-warriors, which is nothing more than modern “myth-making”. As a result, the authors claim that an open-minded analysis allows us to distinguish three groups of Scythian burials with weapons: 1) containing weapons, placement of which reflects certain “ethnographic” features of the rite or the special status of buried; 2) containing arrowheads that may indicate hunting; 3) the burials of warriors with diverse and numerous weapons.

scholarly journals The spatial pattern of selected extreme precipitation indices for Turkey (1975-2012)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Faize Sarış
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Rainy Days

AbstractThis paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristics of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. The indices – monthly total rainy days (RDays); monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day); simple precipitation intensity index (SDII); and monthly count of days when total precipitation (represented by PRCP) exceeds 10 mm (R10mm) – were calculated for 98 stations for the 38-year overlapping period (1975–2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and is identified with the lowest values of the indices, except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly on the west and south of Anatolia, and especially the coastal zone, and can be characterised with the lowest rainy days, and high and moderate values of other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country, and include a total of 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone in the north, and has high and moderate index values. Two stations on the north-east coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4, which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. The north-east part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from the south-west to the south-east are prone to frequent extreme precipitation events.

scholarly journals Scythian barrow 12 of the «Sluiceway» Group in the Lower Dniester

Eminak ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 253-267
Author(s):  
Vitalij Sinika ◽  
Nicolai Telnov ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Sergey Razumov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Type I ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Black Sea ◽  
West Black Sea Region

The article publishes and analyzes the materials obtained in the study of the barrow 12 of the «Sluiceway» («Vodovod») group near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The grave in a catacomb of the type I (undercut) was the main under the mound, and three other in the pits were secondary. A similar situation is extremely rarely recorded in the North-West Black Sea region. The construction of round cult pits accompanying the main burial is also noteworthy. The handmade pot with a beak from the children’s burial indicates the manufacture of special dishes designed for dispensing food during feeding. The finding of the miniature bracelet with a plate receiver in the burial of a child, apparently, indicates the Thracian influence on the material culture of the Scythians of the North-West Black Sea Region, at least from the second half of the 4th century BC. It was at this time that the published mound was built and graves were made under its mound. Materials from the barrow Glinoe / «Sluiceway» 12 and other, later, Scythian burials on the left bank of the Lower Dniester demonstrate that the Scythian culture of the North-West Black Sea region continues to maintain its originality not only in the second half of the 4th century BC, but also in the next two centuries.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE NUMBER OF THE STEPPER SNAKE VIPERA RENARDI IN THE SOUTH OF THE LEFT BANK OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Selyunina Z. V. ◽  
Markautsan О. Е. ◽  
Dubov S. V.
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South

The steppe viper (Vipera renardi (= ursinii) Christoph, 1861) is a background species of snakes in the steppe zone of southern left-bank Ukraine. This species is a figurant in the Red Book of Ukraine and is protected in accordance with the Bern Convention. According to the IUCN Red List, Vipera renardi has a Vulnerable species (VU) status, which is assigned to species that are under threat of becoming endangered. Anthropogenic transformation, namely, plowing, afforestation, irrigated agriculture, fires, synanthropization, etc., lead to the fact that in the Black Sea steppe, in the Lower Dnieper arenas of steppe, the viper disappears. This species has been preserved in the protected areas of the region and in the less transformed areas of the coastal and sandy steppe. The study area includes the forest-steppe areas of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (BSBR) and the territory of the “Svyatoslav’s Biloberezhzhya” National Nature Park (NNP BS) on the Kinburn Peninsula, the Black Sea areas and the islands of Tendrivska and Yahorlytska Bays, which are part of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve. The dynamics of the number of steppe vipers also depends on abiotic factors too. In wetter years and the next 1-2 years, the number of vipers in the region decreases. In dry years, the number of steppe vipers increases. In the last 20 years, according to the results of long-term monitoring, the dynamics of the steppe viper population has a negative trend both in the Black Sea steppe and in the arenas of the Lower Dnieper.The cyclic dynamics of the steppe viper in our region is 3-5 years, the highest amplitude is 1.4 units, the maximum values of the relative abundance over the past 20 years have decreased from 1.5 to 0.4 ind./km, the minimum - from 0.3 to 0,1 ind./km. To preserve the population of this species in the south of the left-bank Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the areas with limited use of natural resources, namely, with the prohibition of plowing, prevention of excessive grazing and exploitation of sand deposits. In addition, it is required to strengthen environmental education and propaganda among the local population about the need to preserve the steppe viper in natural conditions and change the hypertrophied thought about the danger of this snake. The extensive network of protected areas in the region: reserves, national nature parks, regional landscape parks, protected tracts, etc., contributes to the conservation of this species. Key words: steppe viper, Black Sea steppe, Lower Dnieper arenas, population dynamics, monitoring.

scholarly journals Black Soils Degradation in the South-Western Black Sea Region at Irrigation and in the Post-Irrigation Period

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Bilanchyn ◽  
Svetlana Rezvaya ◽  
Volodymyr Medinets
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Physical State ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
Composition Properties ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
North Western

Many years’ studies of process of changes in composition, properties and fertility of the black soils of the North-Western Black Sea area in Ukraine with irrigation have revealed mobility of carbonates and humus in them, decrease of capacity of cationic consumption and content of consumed calcium, increase of share of consumed magnesium and sodium. Indicators of agro-physical state of soils under irrigation conditions are worsening significantly.

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