scholarly journals The effects of compounding discriminative stimuli that control variable-interval limited-hold avoidance

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent M. LoLordo ◽  
Charles L. Hartf
Keyword(s):  
Control Variable ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Limited Hold ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli

Differential Multiple-Schedule Interactions in Rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1167-1175
Author(s):  
James F. Mc Coy ◽  
Merrill E. Pratt ◽  
Alan R. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Baseline Training ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Regular Extinction ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Negative Induction

Three experiments examined multiple-schedule interactions in a free-operant paradigm for rats. In Exps. 1 and 2 three rats each and in Exp. 3 five rats were given extended multiple variable-interval baseline training before being shifted to multiple variable-interval extinction. Visual discriminative stimuli and regular extinction, which allowed nonreinforced responding, were used in Exps. 1 and 2, but auditory discriminative stimuli and retraction of the lever to prevent responding during extinction were used in Exp. 3. Positive behavioral contrast was observed in only one out of six rats in Exps. 1 and 2, while negative induction was observed in the other five subjects. However, contrast was observed at some point in training for all five subjects in Exp. 3. The differential multiple-schedule interactions were attributed to the introduction of an additional stimulus-reinforcer dependency with regard to the presence vs absence of the lever in Exp. 3. Results support an autoshaping or additivity account of behavioral contrast.

Steady State Generalization following Testing with Different Inter-Probe-Test Intervals

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1283-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Sewell ◽  
Theodore J. Newsom ◽  
Toby S. Altfield ◽  
Byron O. Garner ◽  
James F. Mc Coy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
Limited Hold ◽  
Probe Test

Rats received discrimination training, wherein the S+ was a light-on (100 ft-c) and the S— was a light-off (0 ft-c). The schedules of reinforcement during S+ were a fixed-interval 30-sec. schedule with a limited hold of 5-sec. for two rats and a variable interval 30-sec. schedule for 3 Ss. After discrimination performance had stabilized, a probe-testing technique was used to test for generalization to three logarithmically arranged test stimuli (1, 25, and 50 ft-c). Tests were conducted with 5- and 2-day intertest intervals. The results indicated no difference in gradient shape after testing with 5- or 2-day intertest intervals. It was concluded that repeated probe testing for generalization virtually eliminates cumulative extinction effects that may distort gradient shapes.

Observing Behavior of Mental Patients under a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Signals

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-653
Author(s):  
J. F. Dardano
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Fixed Interval Schedule ◽  
High Detection Rate ◽  
Limited Hold ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Observing Responses ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Conductance Changes

The performances of mental patients and normals were compared on a monitoring task using the Holland procedure for measurement of observing responses. Subjects were required to rapidly detect and react to signals which occurred at 2-min. intervals with a 15-sec. limited-hold. Some patients performed effectively in terms of detecting and reporting signals; however, the temporal pattern of observing responses within fixed-intervals differed in varying degrees from the extended post-target pauses and high terminal rate of the normals. Later sessions with modifications in the procedure showed the following: some patients could not maintain a high detection rate with a very brief limited-hold; a warning light during the latter part of each 2-min. interval controlled the observing responses of some patients; regular changes in local rate by some patients occurred during an extinction period; and the temporal characteristics of responding by patients and normals were more similar under a variable-interval schedule of signals. The intra-interval pattern of skin conductance changes during the monitoring session did not show any gross characteristic which differentiated the patients from the normals.

The Effects of Variable-Interval and Fixed-Interval Signal Presentation Schedules on the Auditory Evoked Response

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Nelson ◽  
Frank M. Lassman ◽  
Richard L. Hoel
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval ◽  
Tone Burst ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Sensation Level ◽  
Fixed Interval Schedule ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Auditory Evoked Response ◽  
Signal Presentation

Averaged auditory evoked responses to 1000-Hz 20-msec tone bursts were obtained from normal-hearing adults under two different intersignal interval schedules: (1) a fixed-interval schedule with 2-sec intersignal intervals, and (2) a variable-interval schedule of intersignal intervals ranging randomly from 1.0 sec to 4.5 sec with a mean of 2 sec. Peak-to-peak amplitudes (N 1 — P 2 ) as well as latencies of components P 1 , N 1 , P 2 , and N 2 were compared under the two different conditions of intersignal interval. No consistent or significant differences between variable- and fixed-interval schedules were found in the averaged responses to signals of either 20 dB SL or 50 dB SL. Neither were there significant schedule differences when 35 or 70 epochs were averaged per response. There were, however, significant effects due to signal amplitude and to the number of epochs averaged per response. Response amplitude increased and response latency decreased with sensation level of the tone burst.

Variable Interval = 7.67 Years

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-184
Author(s):  
DAVID G. ELMES
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval

Behavior Regulation on Simple Variable Interval Schedules

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Dougan
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval ◽  
Behavior Regulation

Variability of irrelevant discriminative stimuli.

1967 ◽  
Vol 73 (4, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 574-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zeaman ◽  
Joseph Denegre
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimuli

Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Postoperative Complications of Cholecystectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Herman Romero Ramírez ◽  
Norma Muñoz Albán ◽  
Consuelo Albán Meneses ◽  
Alicia Escobar Torres
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Laparoscopic Technique ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Conventional Surgery ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Education Levels

The article´s goal isto determine if socioeconomic factors influence the postoperative complications of cholecystectomy. For this, the observational study was defined, analytical and quantitative study was conducted in 100 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. A logistic regression model was applied in which risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, along with a control variable, were incorporated as variables. Three models were run with alternative dependent variables that are delimited by the type of postoperative complication recorded. The results found showed that women show a higher risk of presenting complications after cholecystectomy, the same occurs in older patients. Likewise, the risk is much lower in people with higher education levels and in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, they only have a 5% risk of presenting complications. Postoperative complications after cholecystectomy are minimized by using the laparoscopic technique and socioeconomic factors would influence the risk of suffering postoperative complications after said surgery, which makes laparoscopic cholecystectomy a safe operation with many other benefits and advantages over traditional or conventional surgery.

Pengaruh Konvergensi International Financial Reporting Standards (Ifrs) Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak(Tax Avoidance)

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169
Author(s):  
Umi Wahidah ◽  
Sri Ayem
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
International Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards

This research aimed to examine the effect of the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on tax avoidance on companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Tax avoidance that used in this research was Cash Efective Tax Rate (CETR). This research is also use the control variable to get other different influence that different such as CSR, size, and earning management (EM. This research used populations sector of transport service companies that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data of this research taken from secondary data that was from the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the form of Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD) and the annual report of the company 2011-2015. The method of collecting sample was purposive sampling technique, the population that to be sampling in this research was populations that has the criteria of a particular sample. Companies that has the criteria of the research sample as many as 78 companies. The method of analysis used in this research is multiple regression analysis. Based on regression testing shows that the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has a positiveand significant impact on tax evasion. This shows that IFRS convergence actually improves tax evasion practices. The control variables of firm size and earnings management also significantly influence the application of IFRS in improving tax avoidance practices, while CSR control variables have no role in convergence IFRS in improving tax evasion practice.

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