The Changing Role of Herding in the Early Iron Age of Crete: Some Implications of Settlement Shift for Economy

2003 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saro A. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Changing Role

Nomads and the Shaping of Central Asia: from the Early Iron Age to the Kushan period

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE RAPIN
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the role of the nomads in shaping the history of Central Asia during the period from the early Iron Age to the rule of the Kushan Empire. This study is based on the archaeological and chronological framework provided for the middle Zerafshan Valley by the site of Koktepe. The findings suggest that the nomads are a constant factor in the history of the steppe belt and of all the adjacent southern lands, and that they may have played an important role in the renewal of cultures and in the development of international trade.

scholarly journals Parts and Wholes: The Role of Animals in the Performance of Dolenjska Hallstatt Funerary Rites

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Adrienne C. Frie
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Mortuary Practice ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Funerary Rites ◽  
The Sacrifice

There is a rich iconographic tradition demonstrating the importance of animals in ritual in the Dolenjska Hallstatt archaeological culture of Early Iron Age Slovenia (800–300 bce). However, the role of animals in mortuary practice is not well represented iconographically, though faunal remains in graves indicate that their inclusion was an integral part of funerary performance. Here, animal bones from burials are compared to images of animal sacrifice, focusing on the ritual distinctions between the deposition of whole animal bodies versus animal parts. It is proposed that human–animal relationships were a key component of funerary animal sacrifice in these multispecies communities. The deposition of whole horses may have been due to a personal relationship with the deceased human. In turn, the sacrifice of an animal and division of its parts may have been essential for the management of group ties with the loss of a community member. Particular elements such as teeth, horns, and claws may have served as amulets—perhaps indicating that these were personal items that had to be placed in the grave with the deceased or that the deceased needed continued protection or other symbolic aid.

Trade and exchange

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Gosden
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
For Profit ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Trade And Exchange

This chapter challenges prevailing paradigms which have structured discussion of trade and exchange in Iron Age Europe around the dichotomies of gifts vs commodities, or socially generated exchanges in the earlier Iron Age vs production for profit in the later Iron Age. It begins by reviewing the debate on markets and gifts, and what is still useful, and goes on to suggest new directions for research, focusing more on what brought people together as much as the items exchanged. Early Iron Age links between the Mediterranean and Europe north of the Alps are reconsidered in the light of recent work, with a focus on the Heuneburg and Massalia. For the later period, the role of oppida is considered; evidence of production for profit is absent from many areas, and the long-distance exchanges evident at oppida were part of broader European links connected to changes in power and identity.

scholarly journals Marine hunting and fishing on the coast of North Fennoscandia before Christ

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
Alevtina Mikhailovna Kiseleva ◽  
Anton Igorevich Murashkin
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Hunting And Fishing ◽  
Percentage Ratio

Archaeological evidence for marine hunting and fishing at the coast of the Barents Sea dates from 5000 cal BC to 0 cal BC/AD, encompassing the Neolithic, the Early Metal Period and the Early Iron Age. Among hunting and fishing equipment are bone and antler harpoon heads, fishhooks and leisters. Four periods of development of the tools were established on the basis of stable occurrence of the artefacts types in complexes (semi-subterranean houses, shell middens, burials). The chronological boundaries of the periods were defined by the radiocarbon dates of this complexes: A - 5000-2500 cal BC, B - 2500-1600 cal BC, C - 1500-1100 cal BC, D - 900 cal BC - 0 cal BC/AD. The primary marine taxa exploited were pinnipeds and cetacean. The marine hunting was supplemented by catching Atlantic Cod and codfishes. Percentage ratio of animal bones from dated complexes indicates that the role of the seal and whale hunting had increased considerably since about 2500 cal BC. This coincides with the appearance of toggling harpoons in hunting equipment. The exploitation of aquatic resources in the Early Iron Age (after 900 cal BC) remained important in the subsistence economy. The transition to a primary exploitation of terrestrial resources at coastal locations is not observed.

Extraordinary Creatures: The Role of Birds in Early Iron Age Slovenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne C. Frie
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age

scholarly journals Material Methods; Considering Ceramic Raw Materials and the Spread of the Potter‘s Wheel in Early Iron Age Southern Iberia

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Beatrijs G. de Groot ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Southern Iberia ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This paper discusses the role of clay selection and preparation in the production of wheel-made pottery in Early Iron Age southern Iberia. The first systematic use of potter’s wheels in the production of Early Iron Age ceramics in southern Iberia corresponds to the establishment of pottery workshops associated with Phoenician trade colonies, dating to the period between the end of the 10th and 7th century BCE. There are still many gaps in our understanding of how technological knowledge was transmitted between the Phoenician workshops and “indigenous’ communities that adopted the potter’s wheel. This paper draws upon a growing body of archaeometric and ceramic technological research to consider clay selection strategies in these new workshops. Secondly, this paper will consider the role of ceramic raw materials in the development of new “hybrid’ ceramic forms, particularly grey-ware. It will hereby provide theoretical considerations surrounding the significance of material cultural hybridity in answering questions raised by postcolonial archaeologists about identity, cultural transmission and hybridisation in the context of the Phoenician colonial system.

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