Economic Consequences of Following the Nathaniel Bumpo and Nick Adams Trails

In the proposed paper, the authors consider one of the directions of non-raw material economic development: the prospects for the outdoor recreation industry, and in particular the sub-industry of hunting, fishing and watching. According to the authors, the development of these industries can bring an increase in economic turnover by an amount comparable to the amount of income from the export of Russian arms. The authors consider the positive experience of the development of the outdoor recreation industry in a number of developed countries. In addition, the authors believe that the development of the outdoor recreation industry can contribute to solving such problems as improving the health of the population, consolidating the population in hard-to-reach and remote areas, and increasing the country's reputation capital due to inbound ecological hunting and fishing tourism.

State forest administration performance in the Czech Republic: A case study of forestry legislation implementation in the South Bohemian Region

In the Czech Republic, the present state forest administration is incorporated into general state administration. Municipalities with extended competence (MECs) as first-instance forest administration bodies thus perform the so-called “mixed” administration. Besides forestry, MECs cumulatively perform hunting and fishing administration, observing several different laws. On an example of three MECs in South Bohemia (České Budějovice, Týn nad Vltavou and Písek), the paper analyses the decision-making processes and control activities concerning the implementation of administrative activity, particularly the Forest Act. The findings show that during the observed period 2011–2015, the most frequently conducted administrative proceedings under the Forest Act involved binding opinions regarding permission for buildings at a distance of fewer than 50 m from the forest and decisions on timber harvesting. Other frequently performed acts somewhat surprisingly concerned issuing licenses for professional forest managers and decisions whether or not the land fulfils forest functions. Based on the findings, the paper also suggests stimuli and suggestions (de lege ferenda) for changes in the Forest Act and other regulations relating to this issue.

How effect active participation the life satisfaction of individuals

The main aim of this research was to compare Life Satisfaction (LS) level of individuals who were participants of different recreational activities with individuals who were non-participant with respect to some demographics as age, gender, marital status, personal income, employment type, education level and recreational activities. The sample of the study is composed of 4214 men and 1287 women totally 5501 individuals. Data were collected from thirteen different researches focused on recreational activities and LS. Nine of the researches were composed of active participants in Mountaineering/Rock Climbing (n=426), Bicycle Festivals (n=373), Trekking/Hiking (n=382), Hunting (n=187), Fishing (n=367), Recreational Motorcycle Users (n=947), Being Volunteer in a Non-Governmental Organisation (n=208), Singing in recreational choirs as a Chorist (n=633), Recreational bicycle users (n=682) and four of them consist of individuals never done this kind activity before. Such as Never participate in any outdoor activities (n=538), Never Hunting and Fishing (n=324), Never been as a volunteer in any non-governmental organisations (n=138), Never been in a choir as a chorist (n=296). In the analysis of data, besides the descriptive statistics, Independent Sample t-test and ANOVA test were used, thus to identify the reason of the differences LSD test were applied. All the results were analyzed at the significant level of 0.05. Finding demonstrates that being women, married, employed, in middle aged and/or upper, in active leisure life and have higher personal income cause statistically meaningful higher LS then opposites. In addition to this, having active leisure life has positive effect on LS level of individuals. When compared with respect to each demographic variable there are statistically meaningful differences LS levels between individuals who are active participants of some recreational activities and non-participate into same activities. As a result, it can be concluded that for having higher LS level, it is necessary to have active leisure life or active participation in any recreational activities. For this, in each level of education stage, individuals must be educated and motivated how to be an active in their leisure life, what the active life’s advantages are and the urban design and infrastructural investments must support and motivate recreational life of urbanites. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; farklı rekreasyon etkinliklerine katılan bireylerin Yaşam Doyumu (YD) düzeylerini, yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, kişisel gelir, istihdam türü, eğitim seviyesi gibi bazı demografik değişkenler açısından değerlendirmek, farklı rekreasyon faaliyetlerinin YD ile ilişkisini incelemek, rekreasyonel faaliyetlere katılan ve katılmayan bireylerin YD düzeylerini karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 4214 erkek ve 1287 kadın toplam 5501 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Veriler rekreasyonel aktivitelere ve YD'na odaklanan on üç farklı araştırmadan toplanmıştır. Araştırmalardan dokuzu Dağcılık / Kaya Tırmanışı (n = 426), Bisiklet Şenlikleri (n = 373), Trekking / Yürüyüş (n = 382), Avcılık (n = 187), Eğlence Amaçlı Motosiklet Kullanıcıları (n = 947), Bir Sivil Toplum Kuruluşunda Gönüllü Olma (n = 208), Korolarda Korist olarak şarkı söyleme (n = 633), Eğlence amaçlı bisiklet kullanıcıları (n = 682) ve Balıkçılık (n = 367) gibi aktivitelere aktif katılımcılardan ve dördü de daha önce hiç bu tür faaliyetler yapmamış olanlardan seçilmiştir. Bunlar; herhangi bir açık alan etkinliğine katılmamış (n = 538), avcılık ve balıkçılık yapmamış (n = 324), hiçbir sivil toplum kuruluşunda gönüllü olmamış (n = 138), hiçbir koroda görev almamış ( n = 296) bireylerdir. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistiklerin yanı sıra Independent Sample t-testi ve ANOVA testi kullanılarak farklılıkların nedenini belirlemek için LSD testi uygulanmıştır. Tüm sonuçlar 0.05 anlamlılık düzeyinde analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, daha yüksek YD seviyesine sahip olmak için, bireylerin aktif serbest zaman hayatına sahip olması veya herhangi bir rekreasyonel aktiviteye aktif katılımının gerekli olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bunun için, eğitimin her aşamasında bireyler serbest yaşamlarında nasıl aktif olacakları konusunda eğitilmeli ve motive edilmelidir. Aktif yaşamın avantajlarının neler olduğu hakkında farkındalık çalışmaları yapılmalı, kentsel tasarım ve altyapı yatırımları açısından kentlerde yaşayanların rekreasyonel yaşamları desteklemeli ve kişiler motive edilmelidir.

Sound in Udmurt Rituals

This article is dedicated to the Udmurt’s understanding of the world of sounds, their norms of behaviour towards sound in the acoustic community. The Udmurt sound worldview has been formed under the influence of the surrounding landscape. The peculiar sound of the Forest, that the Udmurt see and hear in their particular way, causes a particular sound reaction and musical approach. According to tradition, the voice of a singing person must fit into the natural soundscape in order to respect acoustic balance. Within the hunting and fishing cults, singing has received the particular function of a magic incantation. The texts of incantatory songs in hunting and in honey producing, are characterised by incantation formulas as well as by different kinds of sound imitations. The collective community ritual singing is one of the most important elements that organise the Udmurt’s soundscape. The acoustic code is integrated in a whole system of ritual practices; it sanctifies the surrounding cultural and natural landscape. The spring-summer half of the year is characterised by a particularly strong intensity of sounds, as in the most significant calendar holiday, the beginning of the agricultural year, Akashka / Byddzh’ym nunal. The rituals of welcoming have their own aesthetics of sound behaviour. According to the Udmurt community’s mentality, the voice of the singing person is not supposed to stand out of the general sound field. Everywhere, the skilful singer occupies a peculiar position on the Udmurt society: they are valued and respected. At the same time, the belief according to which those who are able to sing well are deeply unhappy in life is very widespread. Taking into account that human voice and singing, in the representations of the Udmurt, possessed a huge force and influence on the surrounding world, we may infer that the singer (the skilful singer!) in the ancient society, who mastered this complicated art, had particular authority. It is even possible that at some moments, he/she fulfilled the function of a mediator between the worlds. And similarly to the shaman, the good singer, usto kyrdzh’as’ could not refuse to practice his/her art, this art given him/her by fate. Thus, the Udmurt’s sound worldview is encompassed into an ontological worldview, which sets the rules of behaviour. It requires a proper sound behaviour inside the natural space as well as in the socio-cultural one, and determines the Udmurt’s behaviour not only in their natural environment but also in the urban space.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE KARAKALPAK PEOPLE

This article discusses the history of the study of the material culture of the Karakalpak people. Kara, Balykchi, Beshkum, Kazanketgan, Qum-uzak in the Ustyurt plain are among the largest settlements with real and mobile housing in the middle of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In the XVIII and XIX centuries, on the southern shores of the Aral Sea, in the Tollik and Beshkum and again in the Shamishkol Uzun-Kair-Tilla oases, the Karakalpaks lived a semi-sedentary lifestyle and engaged in cattle-breeding, hunting, and fishing with the Kazakhs. engaged in obtaining dyes from plants. The central cities of Karakalpakstan where trade was developed were: Chimbay, Kungrad, Khojaly.

Policing the Poachers in a Western State: Game Wardens and the Use of Discretion

Game wardens are specialized law enforcement officers responsible for enforcing hunting and fishing laws designed to protect wildlife resources. While performing their duties they encounter a variety of wrongdoers that range from first time offenders to those who are chronic violators of the law. Little research exists on the use of discretion by wildlife law enforcement officers, or their attitudes toward offenders. This study took a qualitative approach to data collection and examined the use of discretion by game wardens in Montana and their perceptions of habitual poachers. Factors that were associated with the use of discretion included intent of the violator, seriousness of the offense, and age of the violator. The majority of wardens in the study expressed negative opinions toward violators that were chronic offenders. Findings contribute to our understanding of law enforcement attitudes and decision making.

Atikamekw and Euro-Canadian Territorialities around the Saint-Maurice River (1850–1930)

This essay focuses on the processes of territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization through which Euro-Canadian society extended its control along the valley of the St. Maurice River between 1850 and 1930. That territory had been settled by the Atikamekw people where they had established their hunting and fishing grounds for centuries. However, the Atikamekw people were confronted by environmental and technological transformations around the St. Maurice River with the implementation of sociotechnical systems during that time period, as two successive phases of industrialization based on specific water use brought along a proliferation of urban centers and the arrival of the large-scale industry. This was particularly the case when the proliferation of hydroelectric dams along the St. Maurice River and its tributaries followed the construction of fluvial infrastructure to facilitate the floating of wood pulp harvested in the upper basin of the river. Not only did the technical activities surrounding the construction of hydroelectric facilities materially transform the St. Maurice River watershed, they also allowed a symbolic appropriation of the land by the production of maps and surveys that ‘erased’ the presence of the Atikamekw. Physical and symbolic boundaries resulting from these new forms of organization and configuration of the territory restricted the spatial practices and representations of the Atikamekw. Logging confined these people within isolated enclaves (the so-called “Indian reserves”), while dams bypassed their networks of exchange and communication. The aim of this essay is to understand the conflicts between the territorialities of the Atikamekw and that of the Euro-Canadians by focusing on the place of water uses within the geographical imaginations and the land use patterns of these populations.

Crafts by Nomads of the Ural and Turgai Regions at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

The Girijas case and its implications for the Sámi hunting and fishing rights in Sweden

The recent case by Girija Sámeby against the Swedish State, asserting its exclusive right to hunt and fish, has ignited many conversations. While the favourable treatment of the Sámi claim by the Supreme Court has elicited celebratory responses, the case has been considered a moment of reckoning for the broader Indigenous rights framework in Sweden. The initial claim by the Girija reindeer herding community that it had the exclusive right not only to hunt and fish but also to lease such a right to others has made its way to the Supreme Court and is now affirmed. Unsurprisingly, the court, faced with an unprecedented challenge of determining the remit of rights in the commercial realm, has fallen back on known doctrines, such as ‘immemorial prescription’, to resolve the case. Nonetheless, the underlying concerns for Indigenous rights over land, self-determination, sovereignty, and the postcolonial reconciliation process remain to be examined within and outside juridical spaces. Although recognition of Indigenous voice has witnessed some progress in the realm of the executive and the legislature, the judiciary is yet to develop a progressive jurisprudence concerning Indigenous culture, economic, and social rights. The Girija Sámeby case may well be the first of its kind where the judiciary is proactive in recognising the changing nature of Indigenous autonomy, self-determination, and economy.