scholarly journals Gradable adjectives, vagueness, and optimal language use: A speaker-oriented model

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciyang Qing ◽  
Michael Franke
Keyword(s):  
Degree Distribution ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Gradable Adjectives ◽  
New Model ◽  
Comparison Class ◽  
Exact Degree ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper addresses two issues that arise in a degree-based approach to the semantics of positive forms of gradable adjectives such as tall in the sentence “John is tall” (e.g., <span>Kennedy &amp; McNally 2005</span>; <span>Kennedy 2007</span>): First, how the standard of comparison is contextually determined; Second, why gradable adjectives exhibit the relative-absolute distinction. Combining ideas of previous evolutionary and probabilistic approaches (e.g., <span>Potts 2008</span>; <span>Franke 2012</span>; <span>Lassiter 2011</span>; <span>Lassiter &amp; Goodman 2013</span>), we propose a new model that makes exact and empirically testable probabilistic predictions about speakers’ use of gradable adjectives and that derives the relative-absolute distinction from considerations of optimal language use. Along the way, we distinguish between vagueness and loose use, and argue that, within our approach, vagueness can be understood as the result of uncertainty about the exact degree distribution within the comparison class.</p>

Entrepreneurial Social Identity Management Through Language Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 0261927X2110190
Author(s):  
Christopher Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
New Model ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Axial Coding

This study draws upon interview data and a grounded theoretical methodology to explore entrepreneurial social identity management. Interviews were conducted with forty-three entrepreneurs in several U.S. cities. The women and men discussed past conversations with (non)entrepreneurs, with foci on self- and other stereotyping, associated language use, prototypicality, and motivation. Open and axial coding of the interview content revealed a new model of entrepreneurial social identity management. The model’s implications for understanding entrepreneurs’ social identity and motivation were discussed.

Design of the Dry-Mixed Mortar Truck in Avoiding Segregation

2012 ◽  
Vol 542-543 ◽  
pp. 1100-1104
Author(s):  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Li Na Guo ◽  
Hong Chao Ji ◽  
Yao Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
New Model ◽  
Discharge Opening ◽  
Mixed Mortar ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Way

The way of dry-mixed mortar air-sliding has many advantages，such as improving transport efficiency, ensuring cement quality. But, dry-mixed mortar air-sliding may occur segregate, this phenomenon serious break the original ratio of cement, risking quality of cement[2]. This article suggested a new model of discharge opening with multi-holes, this model can allow dry-mixed mortar flow out at different height, and control the rate of flux in each port to keep mortar equally, this model eliminated the non uniforms caused by different height, eliminated the affection of segregate, ensure the quality of the cement.

scholarly journals Adjectival scales and three types of implicature

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Nicole Gotzner ◽  
Stephanie Solt ◽  
Anton Benz
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Scalar Implicature ◽  
Gradable Adjectives ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Strengthening

In this work, we explore the relationship between three different inferencestriggered by gradable adjectives. In particular, we look at scalar implicature andtwo competing inferences occuring under negation - scale reversal (indirect scalarimplicature) and a type of manner implicature called negative strengthening. In aseries of experiments, we test a variety of adjectival scales and explore correlationsbetween different inferences. Our results show that some scales are more likelyto generate scalar implicature while others lean more towards generating negativestrengthening. The extent to which scalar implicature and scale reversal correlate forthe same scales, in turn, is lower than expected. We discuss our findings with respectto the mechanisms underlying the three types of inferences and factors accountingfor differences across scales, with a focus on semantic distance, boundedness, thetype of standard of comparison and adjectival extremeness.

scholarly journals Studying Characteristic and Identity through Oral Literature in Malaynese

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasnim Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Way

In oral literature, the moment that people remember most is could be the way the performer in performing it, the intonation, the history beyond, the particular sayings, or the performer itself. It depends on the listeners’ background about how they achieved. Among of them, oral literature has important role in sharing information among a speech community because the listeners are able to get the message directly without any interpretation. Consequenty, the study of oral literature is not merely study the language as principal but also language use because it is related to the character and identity. In addition, the study tends to have information from native view because it is related to their concept in mind. This study discussed about the concept of oral literature, the role of oral literature of Malaynese in building character and identity, and the role of Antropolinguistik as interdisipliner to analize oral literature in Malaynese.

scholarly journals Terminology: Aboutness, Representation, and Metasemantics

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Herman Cappelen ◽  
Josh Dever
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

This short chapter does two things. First, it shows that in fact workers in AI frequently talk as if AI systems express contents. We present the argument that the complex nature of the actions and communications of AI systems, even if they are very different from the complex behaviours of human beings, and the way they have ‘aboutness’, strongly suggest a contentful interpretation of those actions and communications. It then introduces some philosophical terminology that captures various aspects of language use, such as the ones in the title, to better make clear what one is saying—philosophically speaking—when one claims AI systems communicate, and to provide a vocabulary for the next few chapters.

The Grammar of Prominence

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-186
Author(s):  
Una Stojnić
Keyword(s):  
Context Sensitivity ◽  
Gradable Adjectives ◽  
Domain Restriction ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Model Context ◽  
The Way

This chapter draws theoretical conclusions and outlines directions for future developments. It summarizes the key theoretical and philosophical upshots of the account developed in the book and discusses further extensions of this framework. It discusses how the account can be applied to model context-sensitivity of situated utterances, in a way that can offer insights into puzzles concerning disagreement in discourse and communication under ignorance, which have plagued standard accounts of context and content. Further, it outlines the way the account is to be extended and applied to various types of context-sensitive items, including relational expressions, gradable adjectives, and domain restriction.

scholarly journals Paving the way to acceptance of Galleria mellonella as a new model insect

Virulence ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 410-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Desbois ◽  
Stuart McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Way

Spectral Prediction Model for Halftone Prints by Enhanced Clapper-Yule Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 1405-1408
Author(s):  
Tao Meng ◽  
Chun Mei Zhang ◽  
Mi Dan Li ◽  
Yi Xiao Song ◽  
Tai Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
New Model ◽  
Color Separation ◽  
Extended Application ◽  
Yule Model ◽  
Dot Gain ◽  
The Way

The classical Clapper-Yule model and its improved models will both introduced the extended application which supports rough printing and halftone color fluorescent imaging. The characteristics of the new model were analyzed and the prospect of the Clapper-Yule mode was discussed. We proposed a new model, which was an enhancement of the classical Clapper-Yule model, which simulate optical dot gain of halftone prints by taking into account lateral scattering within the paper bulk and multiple internal reflections. The model we propose also takes into account the reflectance of inks at surface of the specific colors at specific rates. The model opens the way towards color separation of images to be reproduced. Several designs printed on an offset press demonstrate their applicability and their benefits.

Language territorial regimes in multilingual ethnic territorial autonomies

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Borisova ◽  
Konstantin Sulimov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Language Rights ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
The Way

Ethnic territorial autonomy (ETA) is an institutional way to ensure simultaneously the integrity of the state and the rights of ethnic minorities through preferential policies in certain ethnically sensitive spheres. Language preferential policies differ greatly across multilingual ETAs and can be analyzed through the concept of “language territorial regime” (LTR). In this paper, we examine LTRs along two dimensions: (1) the scope of state regulation of language use and (2) the way language rights are perceived and used. The first considers the depth and universality of state regulation of language use – “strong” or “weak.” The second concerns whether the community's approach to language rights is symbolic or pragmatic. The combination of these two dimensions allows the categorization of LTRs into four main classes: “strong parting-regime,” “strong pooling-regime,” “weak pooling-regime,” and “weak parting-regime.” A comparison of South Tyrol, Vojvodina, and Wales allows conceptualizing LTR as a system of de jure institutional arrangements of linguistic issues and practice of self-organization and perpetuation of multilingual communities.

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