scholarly journals The study of electrical conductivity of spirit solutions of salts

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158
Author(s):  
Vera A. Petrukhina ◽  
◽  
Tatiana A. Kirillova ◽  
Ludmila Yu. Tcareva ◽  
Ekaterina V. Andreeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Ion Solvation ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Equivalent Conductivity ◽  
Mobile Hydrogen ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Mobility Of Ions

Electrical conductivity of solutions depends on the nature of the solute and solvent. It is associated with the mobility of ions that are formed during the dissociation of substances in the corresponding solvents. In solvents with large dielectric constant values, substances dissociate into their constituent ions to a greater degree. The dielectric constant of water at room temperature is 78.25. It is a universal solvent and most salts dissolve in it with the decomposition into ions. In proton solvents containing mobile hydrogen ions, salts also dissolve with dissociation into ions. Such solvents include alcohols, the dielectric constant of which is significantly less than the dielectric constant of water. To describe the electrical conductivity of salt solutions in solvents with small dielectric constant, it is proposed to use the Pisarzhevsky-Valden equation in literature. This equation assumes that solvents have a similar chemical nature and the mechanism of salt ion solvation by molecules of different solvents is the same. The degree of solvation changes significantly from one solvent to another for salts containing small ions. This is due to the different solvation of ions in different solvents. Therefore, for such solutions, Pisarzhevsky-Valden equation should not be satisfied. To account for the mechanism of ion solvation in different solvents, A.M. Shkodin proposed an equation that takes into account the dielectric constant of solvent. In this regard the possibility of describing the equivalent conductivity of alcohol solutions of salts with infinite dilution by the equations of Pisarzewski-Valden and Shkodin has been studied in this article. Electrical conductivity of the studied solutions was judged by the specific χ and equivalent to λ electrical conductivities. These two conductivities are related by the equation λ = χ/С, where С is the solution concentration. In this article, for salt solutions of with different concentrations in a certain alcohol, the values of χ and λ were found. By analyzing the dependences 1/λ = f(λС), the values of the limiting equivalent conductivity (λ∞) were found at C = 0. For solutions of each salt in different alcohols, the possibility of describing the obtained values of λ∞ by the Pisarzhevsky-Valden (λ∞· = const) and Shkodin (λ∞· = А·exp(-B/D), where  and D are viscosity and the dielectric constant of alcohol; A, B = const). It was found that the experimental data obtained for solutions of sodium iodite and chlorides of cobalt, iron (3), lithium, calcium, nickel, copper, zinc in alcohols (ethanol, propanol-2 and batanol-1) are better described by the Shkodin equation.

scholarly journals Investigation of temperature effect on the electrical conductivity of solutions inorganic salts in ethanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Vera A. Petrukhina ◽  
◽  
Ksenia A. Konnova ◽  
Maria V. Yakimova ◽  
Nikolay I. Koltsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Weak Electrolytes

The electrical conductivity of the solutions depends on the nature of the solute and solvent. For a solvent, the main parameter is the dielectric constant. Since the dielectric constant of alcohols is much less than the dielectric constant of water, the electrical conductivity of alcoholic solutions of salts is less than the electrical conductivity of their aqueous solutions. Therefore, alcoholic solutions of inorganic salts are weak electrolytes. We previously studied the electrical conductivity of inorganic salts in a number of alcohols (ethanol, propanol-2 and butanol-1) at room temperature. It is of interest to study the effect of temperature on the electrical conductivity of salts in alcohols. Obviously, an increase of temperature salt solutions leads to an increase in their electrical conductivity. To study the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions electrolytes, we proposed an approach based on the study of the effect of temperature on the equivalent electrical conductivity of solutions at infinite dilution λ∞. Using this approach, we studied the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of a number of inorganic salts, carboxylic acids, and amino acids as a function of temperature. It has been established that for these solutions the dependence λ∞(Т) is described by the exponential Arrhenius equation λ∞ = Аexp(-E/(RT)). However, such studies have not been conducted for alcoholic salt solutions. In this regard, this article explores the possibility of describing the experimental data λ∞(Т) for solutions of certain inorganic salts in ethanol by this equation. It is shown that the Arrhenius equation with the found activation energies adequately describes the temperature dependence of the ultimate equivalent conductivity for solutions of a number of inorganic salts (chloride and calcium nitrate, cadmium iodide, lithium and potassium chloride, chloride, iodide and ammonium nitrate, silver nitrate and sodium bromide) in ethyl alcohol.

scholarly journals Dielectric properties of the system: 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid– N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4᾽-methylaniline

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
S. A. Syrbu ◽  
M. S. Fedorov ◽  
E. A. Lapykina ◽  
V. V. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Anisotropy ◽  
Specific Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Anisotropy ◽  
Independent Molecules ◽  
System Properties ◽  
The Individual

Objectives. Our aim was to study the dielectric properties of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid– N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline system and reveal how different concentrations of N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline additives affect the dielectric properties of 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid.Methods. System properties were investigated using polarization thermomicroscopy and dielcometry.Results. We found that dielectric anisotropy changes its sign from positive to negative at the transition temperature of the high-temperature nematic subphase to the low-temperature one. The anisotropy of the dielectric constant of N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’-methylaniline has a positive value and increases as to the system approaches the crystalline phase. The crystal structure of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid contains dimers formed by two independent molecules due to a pair of hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure of N-(4-n-butoxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline contains associates formed by orientational interactions of two independent molecules. 4-n-Pentyloxybenzoic acid dimers (270 nm) and associates of N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’- methylaniline (250 nm) proved to have approximately the identical length. Considering the close length values of the structural units of both compounds and the dielectric anisotropy sign, we assume that the N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4’-methylaniline associates are incorporated into the supramolecular structure of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid. The specific electrical conductivity of the compounds under study lies between 10−7 and 10−12 S∙cm−1. The relationship between the specific electrical conductivity anisotropy and the system composition in the nematic phase at the identical reduced temperature, obtained between 100 and 1000 Hz is symbatic. However, the electrical conductivity anisotropy values of the system obtained at 1000 Hz are lower compared to those obtained at 100 Hz. At N-(4-n-butoxybenzylidene)-4’-methylaniline concentrations between 30 and 60 mol %, the electrical conductivity anisotropy values are higher than those of the individual component.Conclusions. A change in the sign of the dielectric constant anisotropy of the 4-n-pentyloxybenzoic acid during nematic subphase transitions was established. We showed that the system has the highest dielectric constant anisotropy value when components have an equal number of moles. Highest electrical conductivity anisotropy values are observed when the concentration of the N-4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4᾽-methylaniline system lies between 30 and 60 mol %. 

scholarly journals Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studying their A.C Electrical Properties for Piezoelectric Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-551
Author(s):  
Dalal Hassan ◽  
Ahmed Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Lead Oxide ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Increase With Increase

Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.

Effect the Ratio and Particle Size of Glass Powder from Fluorescent Tubes Waste on Electrical Properties of PVA-Glass Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Hani M Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Glass Powder ◽  
Dissipation Factor ◽  
Powder Particle Size ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Glass Composites ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Solution Casting Method

The polymer composites used in the present study were made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a matrix and glass powder as a filler. The glass powder was obtained from fluorescent tubes waste. The solution casting method was used to fabricate PVA/glass powder composite. Three groups of samples were prepared. The first was prepared by using PVA with the addition of glass powder (sieved less than 20 μm) in proportions 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 %. The second: the mixing ratios of PVA and glass powder were 80% and 20%, respectively. The third: The mixing ratios of PVA and glass powder were 60% and 40%, respectively. In Both previous groups, the added glass powder used was sieved with sizes less than 20, 45, 105, and 125 μm. For all samples, the following properties were measured at room temperature: DC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and dissipation factor. The last three properties were measured with a range of frequencies from 1kHz to 5MHz. DC conductivity increases with increasing of glass powder. It was found that the highest conductivity values are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size of less than 45 μm for both ratios of glass 20% and 40%. It is also noticed that within most frequencies, the sample with 30% glass has the largest dissipation factor. At 20% filler of glass powder, it is noted that the highest values of the dielectric constant are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size of less than 45 μm and 125 μm. Below 1 MHz, the effect of glass powder particle size on the AC conductivity is minimal. It is found that the samples containing glass powder (less than 125 μm and 105 μm), have similar and lowest dissipation factor. At 40% filler of glass powder, it is noted that the lowest values of the dielectric constant are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size little than 105 μm.

scholarly journals Magnetic and Electrical Transport Properties of Vanadium Telluride

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prasad ◽  
R. A. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Electrical Transport ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Neel Temperature ◽  
Electrical Transport Properties ◽  
Néel Temperature ◽  
Paramagnetic Curie Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of a powdered sample of VTe in the temperature range 90 - 700 K, and of the a.c. electrical conductivity (σ), thermoelectric power (θ) and dielectric constant (ε′) of pressed pellets of the compound in the temperature range 300 -1100 K are reported. The compound is found to be antiferromagnetic with Neel temperature 420 ± 5 K. The effective paramagnetic moment and paramagnetic Curie temperature are found to be 1.6 μB and - 250 K, respectively. The dependence of σ, θ and ε′ on temperature shows no anomaly at the Neel temperature and is indicative of the metallic nature of the compound.

The Electrical Conductivity of (Tl-Rb)NO3 and (Na-Rb)NO3

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 926-932
Author(s):  
Vittoriano Wagner ◽  
Sandro Forcheri
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Excess Conductivity ◽  
Negative Deviation ◽  
Equivalent Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Isotherm

The electrical conductivity of molten (Na—Rb)NO3 and (Tl—Rb)NO3 was determined.While the equivalent conductivity of the first system shows the usual negative deviation from additivity, that of the second one varies nearly linearly with composition.After discussing the conductivity isotherms in terms of some proposed models, an excess conductivity isotherm is presented, derived on the basis of simple assumptions about the trend of both cationic mobilities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document