Critical Understanding of Safe Routes to School Program in the United States - Focused on Interventions in New York State

The take-off of psychopharmacology in the mental-hospital world began in the vast asylum system of New York State in the early 1950s. Henry Brill ordered the state system to introduce chlorpromazine in 1955, which led to the first decrease in the census of the state asylum system in peacetime. Sidney Merlis and Herman Denber implemented chlorpromazine in their hospitals and, with Brill, began a series of publications on the drugs and their efficacy. Pharmacologist and psychiatrist Joel Elkes established the first department of experimental psychiatry in the world in 1951 at the University of Birmingham in England. Finally, the chapter examiunes the historical heft of the National Institute of Mental Health, which in 1953 opened the “intramural” (in-house) research program where much of the research in psychopharmacology done in the United States has occurred.

Get full-text (via PubEx)

‘Forced heirship’ in the United States of America, with particular reference to New York State

Trusts & Trustees ◽

10.1093/tandt/ttv220 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 103-118

Author(s):

Michael W. Galligan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

United States Of America ◽

New York State ◽

The United States ◽

York State

Get full-text (via PubEx)

The Epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State, 1988–92

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800068515 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 501-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. E. Childs ◽

C. V. Trimarchi ◽

J. W. Krebs

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

New York State ◽

The United States ◽

Human Rabies ◽

York State ◽

Big Brown Bat ◽

Animal Contact ◽

Bat Rabies ◽

Human Rabies Case

SUMMARYIn 1993 New York and Texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. This study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State. Demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988–92 was analysed.The prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4·6%. Nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% of all submissions. Only 25 submissions were silver-haired bats (Lasionycterus noctivagans), the species associated with the two 1993 human cases of rabies, and only two of these bats were positive. Rabies was most prevalent in female bats, in bats submitted because of human or animal contact, and in animals tested during September and October.These results highlight the unusual circumstances surrounding the recent human rabies cases in the United States. A species of bat rarely encountered by humans, and contributing little to the total rabies cases in bats, has been implicated in the majority of the indigenously acquired human rabies cases in the United States. The factors contributing to the transmission of this rare rabies variant remain unclear.

Get full-text (via PubEx)