Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Andrés Baeza Ruz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Spanish Colonies ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Informal Imperialism

This book has demonstrated the insights that can be found in the analysis of British-Chilean relations in the independence period, which in the case of Chile have been mostly studied relating to the second half of the nineteenth century. The fact that British investments and flows of peoples and goods became increasingly important after 1850, has led scholars like John Mayo to maintain that ‘informal imperialism’ is the appropriate term to describe the ‘anatomy’ of such a relationship. However, such a view is restrictive, allowing an examination of the traditional ambits by which informal empire has been regarded as an analytical tool when approaching the relations between Britain and Latin America. This is to say, the economic and diplomatic means that helped to preserve the subordinate condition of the former Spanish colonies to the interests of the British Empire. In recent years, approaches to the problematic nature of informal imperialism have made it clear that these elements are not enough, that they cannot be the only aspects imbricated in this problem. The cultural dimension must also form part of the analysis of a relationship that, at first glance, seemed to be determined by informal imperialism. This is particularly relevant in a period like the independence era, in which the economic and diplomatic means used by Great Britain to exert its dominion were not as evident as in subsequent years. Indeed, as I showed in the ...

Brazil's Early Nineteenth-Century Policy Towards Denmark and Sweden, 1808–1831

Itinerario ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Birgitte Holten
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Spanish Colonies

Brazil's active foreign policy tradition dates from the beginning of its existence as an independent state in the early nineteenth century. More than the former Spanish colonies in Latin America, Brazil considered the international recognition of its sovereignty an important goal. Therefore, Brazil demonstrated in the 1820s a great interest in the establishment of diplomatic relations and the negotiation of commercial treaties with the European nations and the United States.

Jack Sepoy and the Dervishes: Islam and the Indian Soldier in Princely India

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
NILE GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Chain Of Command ◽  
History Of ◽  
Princely State ◽  
Almost All

Like other Britons in colonial India, Sir William Sleeman had a poor opinion of the traditional holy men who still formed an important part of Indian society in the nineteenth century. Reflecting his writings on the suppression of the Thugs that would make him famous, Sleeman declared that, “There is hardly any species of crime that is not throughout India perpetrated by men in the disguise of these religious mendicants; and almost all such mendicants are really men in disguise”.1 None of these holy men were considered more dubious – more superstitious and reactionary – than the dervishes and faqīrs. In popular Indian usage the terms darwīsh and faqīr referred to a class of Muslim holy men who were considered to possess a range of miraculous powers, powers which served to demonstrate their proximity to God; and so in turn to underwrite their considerable authority.2 For many British officials, it was this authority that stood at the heart of what they saw as the faqīr problem. As the rumours that surrounded the various ‘mutinies’ of the nineteenth century demonstrate, faqīr s were seen as the perpetual ringleaders of rebellion and sedition. Nowhere were these concerns more insistent than in the circles of India's colonial armies, which more than any other aspect of colonial society relied on loyalty to a formalised and rational chain of command. Yet in spite (and in some ways because) of these fears, the commanders of the various armies under British command in India were anxious to demonstrate their respect for the autonomy of the religious rights of the Indian soldier. Through the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Islam of ‘Jack Sepoy’ or the Indian soldier fell in between this tension of covert suspicion and official respect, and in different ways the careers of a series of Muslim holy men attached to the Muslim soldiers were shaped by this tension. Over the following pages, this essay examines the careers of three faqīr s connected to the Hyderabad Contingent, the army under British command in the nominally independent princely state of Hyderabad in South India, better known as the Nizam's State. Looking out from this princely corner of Britain's ‘informal empire’, the essay uses a number of forgotten small-town texts in Urdu to begin to reconstruct the religious history of the Indian soldier from the inside, as it were, and so to create an ethnohistory of Islam in the colonial armies of the British Empire.3

scholarly journals Independence and the Redefinition of Indianness around Santa Marta, Colombia, 1750–1850

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEINAR A. SAETHER
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The Republic

This article explores the changing meaning of Indianness during the long independence era. Focusing on six towns around Santa Marta, it discusses why these were considered Indian in the late colonial period, why they supported the royalist cause during the Independence struggles and how their inhabitants ceased to be identified as Indians within a few decades of republican rule. While recent subaltern studies have emphasised Indian resistance against the liberal, republican states formed in early nineteenth-century Latin America, here it is argued that some former Indian communities opted for inclusion into the republic as non-Indian citizens.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
David Todd
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Economic Modernization

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the French imperial empire in the nineteenth century. France after Napoleon did not renounce empire. Instead, it became less interested in formal conquest and experimented with novel techniques of imperial domination. French proponents of informal empire usually looked back on the 1789 Revolution with a mixture of disillusion and dismay, while its collaborators outside France were mostly conservatives bent on reconciling economic modernization with the defence of their privileges. This informal civilizing mission was, in many respects, counter-revolutionary. Counter-revolutionary commitment to capitalism went hand in hand with a collaborative style of imperialism. Ultimately, France's largely informal empire made a significant contribution to nineteenth-century globalization, even if it employed subtler mechanisms of coercion and collaboration than the more formal British Empire ever did.

Development of Comparative Law in Great Britain

2006 ◽  
pp. 130-174
Author(s):  
John W. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Foreign Law

In 1934, F. P. Walton claimed that interest in foreign law had increased greatly in the last fifty years. He also pointed out that ‘comparative law’now meant something different from evolutionary jurisprudence. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, that view of comparative law emerged in Britain as a scholarly domain still garners general agreement. The late-Victorian crystallization of comparative law reflected the period's increased focus on law as a national rather than universal discipline. As a discipline, however, it was full of tensions, and the significance ascribed to different dates arose from different emphases among comparatists. Despite such variation, most strands in the early development of British comparative law were closely linked to the experiences and needs of the British Empire.

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