Strong Aversive Conditioning Triggers a Long-Lasting Generalized Aversion

Generalization is an adaptive mnemonic process in which an animal can leverage past learning experiences to navigate future scenarios, but overgeneralization is a hallmark feature of anxiety disorders. Therefore, understanding the synaptic plasticity mechanisms that govern memory generalization and its persistence is an important goal. Here, we demonstrate that strong CTA conditioning results in a long-lasting generalized aversion that persists for at least two weeks. Using brain slice electrophysiology and activity-dependent labeling of the conditioning-active neuronal ensemble within the gustatory cortex, we find that strong CTA conditioning induces a long-lasting increase in synaptic strengths that occurs uniformly across superficial and deep layers of GC. Repeated exposure to salt, the generalized tastant, causes a rapid attenuation of the generalized aversion that correlates with a reversal of the CTA-induced increases in synaptic strength. Unlike the uniform strengthening that happens across layers, reversal of the generalized aversion results in a more pronounced depression of synaptic strengths in superficial layers. Finally, the generalized aversion and its reversal do not impact the acquisition and maintenance of the aversion to the conditioned tastant (saccharin). The strong correlation between the generalized aversion and synaptic strengthening, and the reversal of both in superficial layers by repeated salt exposure, strongly suggests that the synaptic changes in superficial layers contribute to the formation and reversal of the generalized aversion. In contrast, the persistence of synaptic strengthening in deep layers correlates with the persistence of CTA. Taken together, our data suggest that layer-specific synaptic plasticity mechanisms separately govern the persistence and generalization of CTA memory.

Solvent-Controlled Regioselective Arylation of Indoles and Mechanistic Explorations

The ability to manipulate the site selectivity in C–H bond functionalization reactions is an important goal in modern chemistry. Herein, we report a new reaction strategy for the regioselective arylation...

Work and disability during the Covid-19 outbreak: from the current scenario to possible future perspectives

Ensuring work for people with disabilities today represents an important goal for democratic states and a continuous challenge for policy makers who should always aim to improve targeted placement services. Unfortunately, this goal, although regulated by specific laws, does not always find fertile ground in its applicability, sometimes increasing marginalization and discrimination. In this regard, the Covid-19 outbreak has brought out new forms of exclusion and new needs, increasing, in some cases, inequalities within workplaces. Therefore, starting from the scenario outlined by the pandemic, the paper aims to propose a reflection on the importance of work for people with disabilities, as a tool of self-empowerment that promotes inclusive processes, analyzing the legislative framework regarding access to work for vulnerable people and outlining possible future perspectives to promote inclusion within work places. Lavoro e disabilità ai tempi del Covid-19: dallo scenario attuale a possibili prospettive future. Garantire una occupazione lavorativa alle persone con disabilità rappresenta oggi una conquista per gli Stati democratici e una continua sfida per i policy makers che dovrebbero sempre puntare a migliorare i servizi di collocamento mirato. Purtroppo, tale conquista, sebbene normata da leggi ad hoc, non sempre trova terreno fertile nella sua applicabilità, alimentando, talvolta, i fenomeni di emarginazione e i meccanismi di discriminazione. A tal proposito, l’emergenza sanitaria da Covid-19 ha fatto emergere nuove forme di esclusione e nuovi bisogni incrementando, in alcuni casi, le disparità in ambiente lavorativo. Dunque, partendo dallo scenario delineato dalla situazione pandemica, il contributo intende proporre una riflessione circa l’importanza del lavoro per le persone con disabilità, in quanto strumento di self-empowerment che favorisce i processi inclusivi, analizzando il quadro normativo in materia di diritto e di accesso al lavoro per i soggetti più fragili e tratteggiando possibili prospettive future per promuovere percorsi lavorativi inclusivi.

Analytical solutions of the fifth-order time fractional nonlinear evolution equations by the unified method

This key purpose of this study is to investigate soliton solution of the fifth-order Sawada–Kotera and Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon equations in the sense of time fractional local [Formula: see text]-derivatives. This important goal is achieved by employing the unified method. As a result, a number of dark and rational soliton solutions to the nonlinear model are retrieved. Some of the achieved solutions are illustrated graphically in order to fully understand their physical behavior. The results demonstrate that the presented approach is more effective in solving issues in mathematical physics and other fields.

REVISITING CHOISE OF A STRATEGY FOR RUSSIAN LEGAL SPACE DEVELOPMENT

Автор, принимая во внимание выделяемые философами древности необходимые условия (факторы) государственного самосохранения, отмечает, что самой важной целью государства является не его собственное сохранение, а сохранение его главного ресурса - человека. Поскольку право - это регулятор (по определению) и индикатор происходящих в государстве событий, веяний (по В. О. Ключевскому), автор рассматривает один из самых тревожащих юридическое сообщество вопросов законодательной (прежде всего конституционной) перестройки - вопрос о наделении роботов правосубъектностью, что приравнивает статус робота к статусу человека. В связи с этим рассмотрены следующие вопросы: 1) необходимость стабильности для жизни людей, а следовательно, для жизни государства; 2) закон человеческого вырождения; 3) нахождение государственных законов внутри природных законов. Сделаны выводы, которые необходимо принять при разработке стратегии российского правового пространства. Знание и сохранение внутреннего равновесия (природной гармонии) - это необходимость, без которой не выживет человечество в целом. The author takes into account the warnings of ancient philosophers to deduce the necessary conditions (factors) of state self-preservation. But the most important goal of the state is not only its own preservation, but the preservation of its main resource - man. Since law is a regulator (by definition) and an indicator of events and trends taking place in the state (according to V. O. Klyuchevsky), the author considers one of the most disturbing symptoms of legislative (primarily constitutional) restructuring for the legal community - the issue of granting robots legal personality, which equates the status of a robot with the status of a person. In this connection, the following issues were considered: 1) the need for stability for the life of people, and therefore for the life of the state; 2) the law of human degeneration; 3) the finding of state laws within natural laws. The conclusions that need to be taken when developing a strategy for the Russian legal space are drawn. Knowledge and preservation of internal balance (natural harmony) is a necessity, without which humanity as a whole will not survive.

Distributed and Multifaceted Effects of Threat and Safety

In the present fMRI study, we examined how anxious apprehension is processed in the human brain. A central goal of the study was to test the prediction that a subset of brain regions would exhibit sustained response profiles during threat periods, including the anterior insula, a region implicated in anxiety disorders. A second important goal was to evaluate the responses in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals, regions that have been suggested to be involved in more transient and sustained threat, respectively. A total of 109 participants performed an experiment in which they encountered “threat” or “safe” trials lasting approximately 16 sec. During the former, they experienced zero to three highly unpleasant electrical stimulations, whereas in the latter, they experienced zero to three benign electrical stimulations (not perceived as unpleasant). The timing of the stimulation during trials was randomized, and as some trials contained no stimulation, stimulation delivery was uncertain. We contrasted responses during threat and safe trials that did not contain electrical stimulation, but only the potential that unpleasant (threat) or benign (safe) stimulation could occur. We employed Bayesian multilevel analysis to contrast responses to threat and safe trials in 85 brain regions implicated in threat processing. Our results revealed that the effect of anxious apprehension is distributed across the brain and that the temporal evolution of the responses is quite varied, including more transient and more sustained profiles, as well as signal increases and decreases with threat.

Dobra Nowina w środkach społecznego przekazu pod red. Henryka Sławińskiego, Ancilla Verbi, t. 10, Kraków 2020

The Church must tirelessly seek appropriate means and language to effectively proclaim every person’s universal vocation to salvation. Today’s witnesses to the Gospel should use the potential of old and new means of communication in preaching and ministry. Above all, they should revive in themselves the courage to settle on ‘new areopaguses’. The most important goal of evangelization is to bring every person to an encounter with Christ, who is the main content of the proclaimed Good News. The authors of this monograph did not forget about it. By showing both the enormous possibilities and certain limitations of the new media in proclaiming the Gospel to the world, they first asked themselves whether those countless texts, images and sounds that fill today’s periodicals, radio, television, film truly reflect the face of Christ and let His voice be heard.

Chinese Immigrant Academic Librarians' Experiences and Perceptions of Career Advancement in New Zealand

<p>For many professionals, career advancement is an important goal and part of their professional life. Nevertheless, due to the ever-competitive nature of the workplaces, the prosperity of advancement is limited as the availability of resources and positions are always scarce in any given organization including the library field. Many international studies suggest that job advancement prosperity is generally even more limited for Chinese immigrants as a minority group that work and live in Western countries such as New Zealand, where the host country’s culture, value, and language are very different from those of their own country. This study has been set out to explore Chinese immigrant academic librarians’ experiences and perceptions of career advancement in New Zealand, which is an area that has yet to be studied in this country.</p>

Chinese Immigrant Academic Librarians' Experiences and Perceptions of Career Advancement in New Zealand

<p>For many professionals, career advancement is an important goal and part of their professional life. Nevertheless, due to the ever-competitive nature of the workplaces, the prosperity of advancement is limited as the availability of resources and positions are always scarce in any given organization including the library field. Many international studies suggest that job advancement prosperity is generally even more limited for Chinese immigrants as a minority group that work and live in Western countries such as New Zealand, where the host country’s culture, value, and language are very different from those of their own country. This study has been set out to explore Chinese immigrant academic librarians’ experiences and perceptions of career advancement in New Zealand, which is an area that has yet to be studied in this country.</p>