Criminal Victimization in Contemporary Urban China: A Multi-Level Analysis of Survey Data for the City of Tianjin, 2004

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven F. Messner ◽  
Lening Zhang ◽  
Jianhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Criminal Victimization ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Level Analysis

Drivers of Performance of Franchisees: A Multi-level Analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Dut Vo Van ◽  
Huong Tran Thu ◽  
Dang Nguyen Huu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Level Analysis

The aim of this study is to examine the drivers of performance of franchisee organizations. Adopting agency theory, we hypothesize that age, size and obligatory assortment decided by central franchisors, distribution of power from franchisors to franchisees and frequency of franchisor’s visits to franchisee are positively associated with the performance of franchisees. The survey data of 186 franchisees in four European countries are used to test the proposed hypotheses. Principal component analysis and a hierarchical linear model are applied in this study. Empirical results reveal that whether the proposed hypotheses are statistically supported depend correspondingly on how franchisees’ performance is measured. The paper provides some implications for franchisee literature.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Modernization and the “Crisis of Trust” in China: A Multi-level Analysis of General and Particular Trust

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-949
Author(s):  
H. Christoph Steinhardt ◽  
Jan Delhey
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
General Trust ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Theorists have long disagreed about the impact of socio-economic modernization on social trust. The pessimistic school asserts that modernization undermines the structural conditions for high levels of trust. The optimistic account argues that it delivers economic security and human empowerment and thereby enhances trust. Adapting these contrasting theories to the specific case of China, this article puts them to the test with survey data from the World Values Survey. Exploiting the condition of highly uneven levels of regional development, combined with common political institutions and a shared cultural heritage, the study conducts a multi-level analysis of survey data from over 1900 individuals and a wide range of regional statistics from 61 county-level units. While trust in family members and particular trust beyond the family are unaffected by levels of regional modernization, we find robust evidence to suggest that regional modernization is associated with substantially higher levels of general trust. The results further suggests that higher general trust in more developed regions does not lead to an enhanced conversion of particular into general trust. This indicates that general trust is nurtured through the contextual effect of residing in more modern social environments. Overall, these findings provide substantial support for modernization optimists and lend themselves to a reinterpretation of a widely discussed “trust crisis” in China, which to date is often interpreted according to the pessimistic view of modernization.

scholarly journals Multi-level analysis of visitors’ satisfaction flying to Debrecen – main aspects of the research

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Brigitta Palatinus
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Questionnaire Research ◽  
The City ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Satisfaction Analysis

This paper presents the non-exhaustive description of the main characteristics of visitors based on the filled out questionnaires during five months following the test month. These characteristics will serve the basis of a satisfaction analysis to be described in the future and they provide guidance for later analyses. I performed the testing of my questionnaire in January 2014. It turned out even from the data collected in the test phase that there were services which did not meet the expectations of visitors several times as it was worse than what they expected. This study focuses on the questionnaire research conducted among foreign visitors coming to Debrecen by flight. The main aspects were to determine foreign visitors purpose of travel to Debrecen, how many times they had already been to Debrecen, how many days they spent in the city, what kind of services did they use and whether the quality of used service met their expectations. As a result of the following five months research, I obtained input data which make it possible to examine real problems with background data. It calls for further examination to determine whether there was any difference in the extent of services living up to visitors’ expectation and visitors’ level of satisfaction.

Multi-level Analysis on Fear of Crime using Seoul Survey Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-166
Author(s):  
Yeon-Dae Jung ◽  
◽  
Jong-Hoon Park ◽  
Youn-Oh Cho
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Level Analysis

Collective norms of engagement link to individual engagement

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-860
Author(s):  
Barbara Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Senior Leader ◽  
Manager Support ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Level Analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply a group norm approach to explain how average engagement across an organization is related to an individual’s level of engagement. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from over 46,000 participants from 140 organizations. Multi-level analysis tested the hypotheses that similarity (in terms of shared status) and likely interaction would determine the extent a group’s norms affected individual engagement. Normative data and the dependent variable data were provided by different participants. Findings – Results supported the aggregation of individuals’ measure of engagement to form three norms within an organization: an employee norm, a manager norm and a senior leader norm. These engagement norms were significantly related to an individual’s engagement at work beyond the effect of both organizational resources and manager support. Individuals were more strongly influenced by the norm of those in the organization with whom they were most similar and with whom they were likely to interact. Originality/value – Provides evidence that engagement exists at the group level and that status groups within the organization have norms that independently affect individual-level engagement.

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