Drivers of Performance of Franchisees: A Multi-level Analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Dut Vo Van ◽  
Huong Tran Thu ◽  
Dang Nguyen Huu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Level Analysis

The aim of this study is to examine the drivers of performance of franchisee organizations. Adopting agency theory, we hypothesize that age, size and obligatory assortment decided by central franchisors, distribution of power from franchisors to franchisees and frequency of franchisor’s visits to franchisee are positively associated with the performance of franchisees. The survey data of 186 franchisees in four European countries are used to test the proposed hypotheses. Principal component analysis and a hierarchical linear model are applied in this study. Empirical results reveal that whether the proposed hypotheses are statistically supported depend correspondingly on how franchisees’ performance is measured. The paper provides some implications for franchisee literature.

scholarly journals Can Parents Be Attributed to Their Subsidiary Performance? A Multi-Level Analysis for Performance Determinants of Multinational Enterprises in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Nayab Zahra ◽  
Danish Ahmed Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Subsidiary Performance ◽  
International Firms ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Performance Determinants ◽  
Level Analysis

International firms are highly sensitive to the performance of their subsidiaries and want to understand the factors behind their monetary success. Thus, numerous strategies are employed by these International firms to explore subsidiaries’ performance determinants; usually, these include subsidiary level attributes, ignoring the parent’s impact along with its country. To address this gap we construct a multi-level research that focuses the subsidiary, parent attributes along with countries’ Governance Indicators while predicting the determinants of subsidiary performance in Pakistan.We use two different levels i.e. parent & subsidiary level; multi-level analysis approach with HLM (Hierarchical Linear Model) in this research paper. Governance indicators of both parents and subsidiaries were taken explanatory factors along with Market growth, size, Performance, R & D, capital structure as well as asset management policies of parent. Subsidiary level factors included parents’ ownership, size, equity, and capital investment. 26 multinational companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange were included. Data was taken from the year 2012 to 2018. Selected companies cover around ten sectors of Pakistan Stock Exchange.The study revealed that on both levels; parents and subsidiaries, Governance institutions are more influencing factors rather than companies’ own attributes. We recommend that before investing in a country, international businesses should take into account Governance institutions (by World Bank); more than their own attributes.Originality/value - This study contributes to the existing approaches to determining subsidiary performance through adding Governance institutions and parent level attributes. Especially it explores the determinants of subsidiary performance in a developing country; Pakistan in the Asia continent.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Modernization and the “Crisis of Trust” in China: A Multi-level Analysis of General and Particular Trust

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-949
Author(s):  
H. Christoph Steinhardt ◽  
Jan Delhey
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
General Trust ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Theorists have long disagreed about the impact of socio-economic modernization on social trust. The pessimistic school asserts that modernization undermines the structural conditions for high levels of trust. The optimistic account argues that it delivers economic security and human empowerment and thereby enhances trust. Adapting these contrasting theories to the specific case of China, this article puts them to the test with survey data from the World Values Survey. Exploiting the condition of highly uneven levels of regional development, combined with common political institutions and a shared cultural heritage, the study conducts a multi-level analysis of survey data from over 1900 individuals and a wide range of regional statistics from 61 county-level units. While trust in family members and particular trust beyond the family are unaffected by levels of regional modernization, we find robust evidence to suggest that regional modernization is associated with substantially higher levels of general trust. The results further suggests that higher general trust in more developed regions does not lead to an enhanced conversion of particular into general trust. This indicates that general trust is nurtured through the contextual effect of residing in more modern social environments. Overall, these findings provide substantial support for modernization optimists and lend themselves to a reinterpretation of a widely discussed “trust crisis” in China, which to date is often interpreted according to the pessimistic view of modernization.

scholarly journals Nordic journalists’ conceptual roles and perceived influences

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-161
Author(s):  
Jan Fredrik Hovden ◽  
Jari Väliverronen
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Context ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
Southern European Countries

Abstract In this article, we comparatively explore Nordic journalists’ perceived roles and influences on their work using survey data from the Worlds of Journalism project (2012–2016). In a European context, a principal component analysis of 18 Western and Southern European countries (N = 10,254) finds that Nordic journalists generally resemble journalists in other democratic corporatist countries, particularly by their relatively low experience of political and economic influences. Restricting the analysis to the Nordic countries (N = 3,246) finds that Swedish and Danish journalists stand out by their stronger adherence to monitorial roles. By their weaker attachment to political roles and weaker experience of political influences, Icelanders differ from Finns, with Norwegians in an intermediate position. The large intranational variation in both analyses suggests that in addition to media systems and national contexts, the role of different beats and positions within news organisations is crucial for understanding journalists’ perceived roles and felt influences.

The Analysis of Dynamic Change of Cultivated Land and Driving Forces in Suzhou City

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1421-1424
Author(s):  
Hai Min Su ◽  
Ai Xia He
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Social System ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Suzhou City ◽  
Per Capita

According to statistical and survey data from 1991 to 2010 at provincial and county levels, trend of cultivated land change and its driving forces in Suzhou City during the last 20 years were discussed in this article. It was found that: since 1990s, the total area of arable land and per capita availability were reducing; as a result of the principal component analysis, the 10 driving forces of arable land were analyzed which could be classified into three types, i.e, the development of economy, social system and population and progress of science and technology in agriculture. As to the economy factors, population and social system factors were the main driving forces, which play an important role in the change of cultivated land.

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