Development of a Multiplex PCR for Discrimination of the TLC:RS1:CTX array of Vibrio cholerae Wave 3 El Tor Strains

Vibrio cholerae is well recognized as the causative agent of cholera, an acute intestinal infection characterized by watery diarrhea that may lead to dehydration and death in some cases. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment in the tropical regions. Jakarta has the highest percentage of individuals affected by sporadic diarrheal illness compared with other areas in Indonesia. Inadequate safety measures for drinking water supplies, improper sanitation, and poor hygiene can increase the risk of cholera outbreaks. Few studies have been conducted on the prevalence of these bacteria in ice and beverages that are popularly sold and consumed in Jakarta. In this study, we detected and quantified V. cholerae from ice and beverages collected from several areas in five regions of Jakarta. Levels of V. cholerae in both ice and beverages were determined with the three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) method and ranged from <0.3 to >110 MPN/ml. The presence of regulatory and virulence gene sequences was determined by using uniplex and multiplex PCR assays. Of 110 samples tested, 33 (30%) were positive for V. cholerae; 21 (64%) were ice samples and the remaining 12 (36%) were beverages. A total of 88 V. cholerae strains were isolated, based on the presence of the toxR gene sequence identified by PCR. Other genetic markers, such as hlyA (59%), ompU (16%), and ctxA (19%), also were found during the search for potential pathogenic strains. The detection and isolation of potentially harmful V. cholerae from ice and beverages in Jakarta indicate that these products pose a health risk from choleragenic vibrios, particularly because of the emergence of classical biotypes of V. cholerae O1 and potentially harmful non-O1 serovars of this species.

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RESISTANT VIBRIO CHOLERÆ EL TOR IN TANZANIA

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90026-6 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 314 (8134) ◽

pp. 147-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

K.J. Towner ◽

N.J. Pearson ◽

F. O'Grady

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

El Tor

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Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant and emergence of Haitian ctxB variant in the strains isolated from South India

Medical Microbiology and Immunology ◽

10.1007/s00430-015-0433-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 205 (2) ◽

pp. 195-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Debdutta Bhattacharya ◽

Shuchismita Dey ◽

Gururaja Perumal Pazhani ◽

Thandavarayan Ramamurthy ◽

Mahantesh V. Parande ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

South India ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽

El Tor

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Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains similar to pre-seventh pandemic El Tor strains during an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease in an island resort in Fiji

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.46734-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 55 (11) ◽

pp. 1559-1562 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

G. Balakrish Nair ◽

Ashrafus Safa ◽

N. A. Bhuiyan ◽

Suraia Nusrin ◽

Denise Murphy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽

El Tor

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The evolution of the pathogen and the clinical and epidemiological features of the recent cholera (el tor)

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.17816/eid40707 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

V. N. Savelyev ◽

I. V. Savelyeva ◽

B. V. Babenyshev ◽

A. N. Kulichenko

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Causative Factor ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Cholera Outbreak ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Epidemiological Features ◽

El Tor

In a comparative perspective studied cholera outbreak in the Caucasus due to typical toxigenic and genetically modified (hybrid) El Tor variant strains have been studied. Revealed features of the genetic structure of the genome, factors and ways of transmission of the causative agent of modern cholera El tor should be considered when improving the program of epidemiological supervision in terms of enhancing antiepidemic and prevention measures in cholera, the causative factor of which are of hybrid variants of Vibrio cholerae El tor.

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Pathogenic Potential of Environmental Vibrio cholerae Strains Carrying Genetic Variants of the Toxin-Coregulated Pilus Pathogenicity Island

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.71.2.1020-1025.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 1020-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Shah M. Faruque ◽

M. Kamruzzaman ◽

Ismail M. Meraj ◽

Nityananda Chowdhury ◽

G. Balakrish Nair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Pathogenicity Island ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Colonization Factor ◽

Evolution Of Virulence ◽

Toxin Coregulated Pilus ◽

El Tor

ABSTRACT The major virulence factors of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae are cholera toxin (CT), which is encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage (CTXΦ), and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), an essential colonization factor which is also the receptor for CTXΦ. The genes for the biosynthesis of TCP are part of a larger genetic element known as the TCP pathogenicity island. To assess their pathogenic potential, we analyzed environmental strains of V. cholerae carrying genetic variants of the TCP pathogenicity island for colonization of infant mice, susceptibility to CTXΦ, and diarrheagenicity in adult rabbits. Analysis of 14 environmental strains, including 3 strains carrying a new allele of the tcpA gene, 9 strains carrying a new allele of the toxT gene, and 2 strains carrying conventional tcpA and toxT genes, showed that all strains colonized infant mice with various efficiencies in competition with a control El Tor biotype strain of V. cholerae O1. Five of the 14 strains were susceptible to CTXΦ, and these transductants produced CT and caused diarrhea in adult rabbits. These results suggested that the new alleles of the tcpA and toxT genes found in environmental strains of V. cholerae encode biologically active gene products. Detection of functional homologs of the TCP island genes in environmental strains may have implications for understanding the origin and evolution of virulence genes of V. cholerae.

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Vibrio cholerae O1 em amostras de ambientes aquáticos e de alimentos analisados no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x1998000300002 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 465-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Waldêny Colaço ◽

Sandoval Vieira da Silva Filho ◽

Dália dos Prazeres Rodrigues ◽

Ernesto Hofer

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽

El Tor

No período de 1992 a 1994, foram analisadas 2.585 amostras de águas de diferentes ecossistemas, acrescidas de 91 espécimens de alimentos visando ao monitoramento de Vibrio cholerae O1 no Estado de Pernambuco. Nas 2.676 amostras foram detectadas 193 cepas de Vibrio cholerae O1 (7,21%) com predominância do sorovar Inaba (183-94,8%) sobre Ogawa (10-5,1%), todas classificadas no biotipo El Tor e sensíveis à tetraciclina. Numa parcela de setenta amostras selecionadas ao acaso, mas incluindo todas do sorovar Ogawa, foi evidenciada a produção de toxina colérica. A maior incidência do vibrião colérico em águas de rios, canais e de esgoto, representando 86% dos isolados, indicou a contaminação fecal por excretores como a causa preponderante na disseminação da bactéria nos sistemas aquáticos. Assinala-se a discreta ocorrrência de V. cholerae O1 nos alimentos processados (2,1%).

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