Empirical Studies on the Functional Complexity of Software in Large-Scale Software Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 174-192
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Vincent Chiew
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Software System ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Functional Complexity ◽  
Scope Problem

Functional complexity is one of the most fundamental properties of software because almost all other software attributes and properties such as functional size, development effort, costs, quality, and project duration are highly dependent on it. The functional complexity of software is a macro-scope problem concerning the semantic properties of software and human cognitive complexity towards a given software system; while the computational complexity is a micro-scope problem concerning algorithmic analyses towards machine throughput and time/space efficiency. This paper presents an empirical study on the functional complexity of software known as cognitive complexity based on large-scale samples using a Software Cognitive Complexity Analysis Tool (SCCAT). Empirical data are obtained with SCCAT on 7,531 programs and five formally specified software systems. The theoretical foundation of software functional complexity is introduced and the metric of software cognitive complexity is formally modeled. The functional complexities of a large-scale software system and the air traffic control systems (ATCS) are rigorously analyzed. A novel approach to represent software functional complexities and their distributions in software systems is developed. The nature of functional complexity of software in software engineering is rigorously explained. The relationship between the symbolic and functional complexities of software is quantitatively analyzed.

Empirical Studies on the Functional Complexity of Software in Large-Scale Software Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Vincent Chiew
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Software System ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Functional Complexity ◽  
Scope Problem

Functional complexity is one of the most fundamental properties of software because almost all other software attributes and properties such as functional size, development effort, costs, quality, and project duration are highly dependent on it. The functional complexity of software is a macro-scope problem concerning the semantic properties of software and human cognitive complexity towards a given software system; while the computational complexity is a micro-scope problem concerning algorithmic analyses towards machine throughput and time/space efficiency. This paper presents an empirical study on the functional complexity of software known as cognitive complexity based on large-scale samples using a Software Cognitive Complexity Analysis Tool (SCCAT). Empirical data are obtained with SCCAT on 7,531 programs and five formally specified software systems. The theoretical foundation of software functional complexity is introduced and the metric of software cognitive complexity is formally modeled. The functional complexities of a large-scale software system and the air traffic control systems (ATCS) are rigorously analyzed. A novel approach to represent software functional complexities and their distributions in software systems is developed. The nature of functional complexity of software in software engineering is rigorously explained. The relationship between the symbolic and functional complexities of software is quantitatively analyzed.

Requirements Engineering for Software Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 339-349
Author(s):  
A. A. Kodubets ◽  
◽  
I. L. Artemieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software System ◽  
Requirements Development

This article contains a systematic literature review of requirements engineering for software systems. The literature published within last 5 years was included into the review. A research question was defined as requirements development process of large scale software system (with thousands of requirements) and an interaction problem during this process (communication, coordination and control). The problem is caused by the fact that large-scale software system requirements process is a cross-disciplinary task and it involves multiple parties — stakeholders, domain experts, and suppliers with own goals and constrains, and thus, the interaction between them seriously slows down the overall requirements development process than writing the requirements specification itself. The research papers were classified by several research directions: Natural Language Processing for Requirements Engineering (NLP4RE), Requirement Prioritization, Requirements Traceability, Quality of Software Requirements, Non-functional Requirements and Requirements Elicitation. Motivation and intensity of each direction was described. Each direction was structured and represented with the key references. A contribution of each research direction into the research question was analyzed and summarized including potential further steps. It was identified that some researchers had met a part of the described problem in different forms during their researches. At the end, other researches were described additionally in a short overview. To approach the research question further potential direction was described.

scholarly journals A novel approach in magnetic cloud-driven Forbush decrease modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Simone Benella ◽  
Rami Vainio ◽  
Catia Grimani ◽  
Giuseppe Consolini ◽  
Qiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forbush Decrease ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Particle Simulation ◽  
Magnetic Clouds ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Novel Approach

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large-scale solar wind disturbances propagating from the Sun and causing a depression of the galactic-cosmic ray (GCR) intensity known as Forbush decrease (FD). IC- MEs generally contain coherent plasma structures called magnetic clouds (MCs). A unique and powerful data analysis tool allowing for the study of the quasi-3-D configuration of a MC is the Grad-Shafranov (GS) recons - truction. The aim of this work is to investigate the role played by the MC configuration in the formation of a FD. A suited full-orbit test-particle simulation has been developed in order to evaluate FD amplitude and time pro- file produced by the MC obtained with the GS reconstruction. Particle trajectories are computed starting from an isotropic flux outside the MC region. In addition, particle diffusion has been modeled by superimposing a small-angle scattering over the unperturbed charged particle motion at each time step. The model allows us to investigate the MC effect on GCR propagation and to study the energy dependence of the physical processes in - volved, as it provides an estimate of ground-based GCR counts observations at different latitudes. A comparison between model results and both space-based cosmic-ray measurements in L1 and ground-based observations suggests a major role of drifts in producing the FD and a reduced contribution of GCR particle diffusion.

Managing Resource Allocation and Task Prioritization Decisions in Large Scale Virtual Collaborative Development Projects

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharif H. Melouk ◽  
Uzma Raja ◽  
Burcu B. Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software System ◽  
Collaborative Development ◽  
Task Prioritization ◽  
And Task

The authors use a simulation approach to determine effective management of resource allocation and task prioritization decisions for the development of open source enterprise solutions software in the context of a large scale collaborative development project (CDP). Unlike traditional software systems where users have limited access to the development team, in open source environments, the resolution of issues is a collaborative effort among users and the team. However, as the project grows in size, complexity, and usage, effective allocation of resources and prioritization of tasks become a necessity to improve the operational performance of the software system. In this paper, by mining an open source software repository, the authors analyze the effects of collaborative issue resolution in a CDP and its effects on resource allocation of the team developers. This article examines several scenarios to evaluate the effects of forum discussions, resource allocation, and task prioritization on operational performance of the software system.

On the Cognitive Complexity of Software and its Quantification and Formal Measurement

2012 ◽  
pp. 264-286
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Functional Complexity ◽  
Psychological Experiments

The quantification and measurement of functional complexity of software are a persistent problem in software engineering. Measurement models of software complexities have been studied in two facets in computing and software engineering, where the former is machine-oriented in the small; while the latter is human-oriented in the large. The cognitive complexity of software presented in this paper is a new measurement for cross-platform analysis of complexities, functional sizes, and cognition efforts of software code and specifications in the phases of design, implementation, and maintenance in software engineering. This paper reveals that the cognitive complexity of software is a product of its architectural and operational complexities on the basis of deductive semantics. A set of ten Basic Control Structures (BCS’s) are elicited from software architectural and behavioral modeling and specifications. The cognitive weights of the BCS’s are derived and calibrated via a series of psychological experiments. Based on this work, the cognitive complexity of software systems can be rigorously and accurately measured and analyzed. Comparative case studies demonstrate that the cognitive complexity is highly distinguishable for software functional complexity and size measurement in software engineering.

scholarly journals Method of Coupling Metrics for Object-Oriented Software System Based on CSBG Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Aihua Gu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Shujun Li ◽  
Qifeng Xun ◽  
Jian Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software System ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Software Complexity ◽  
Depth Study

Context. Coupling between classes is an important metric for software complexity in software systems. Objective. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing coupling methods and fully investigate the weighted coupling of classes in different cases in large-scale software systems, this study analyzed the relationship between classes at package level, class level, and method level. Method. The software system is considered as a set of special bipartite graphs in complex networks, and an effective method for coupling measurement is proposed as well. Furthermore, this method is theoretically proved to satisfy the mathematical properties of coupling measurement, leading to overcome the disadvantages of the majority of existing methods. In addition, it was revealed that the proposed method was efficient according to the analyses of existing methods for coupling measurement. Eventually, an algorithm was designed and a program was developed to calculate coupling between classes in three open-source software systems. Results. The results indicated the scale-free characteristic of complex networks in the statistical data. Additionally, the calculated power-law value was used as a metric for coupling measurement, so as to calculate coupling of the three open-source software. It indicated that coupling degrees of the open-source software systems contained a certain impact on evaluation of software complexity. Conclusions. It indicated that coupling degrees of the open-source software systems contained a certain impact on evaluation of software complexity. Moreover, statistical characteristics of some complex networks provided a reliable reference for further in-depth study of coupling. The empirical evidence showed that within a certain range, reducing the coupling was helpful to attenuate the complexity of the software, while excessively blindly pursuit of low coupling increases the complexity of software systems.

The Static Structural Complexity Metrics for Large-Scale Software System

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 3548-3552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Hua Zhang ◽  
Wen Jiang Feng ◽  
Li Juan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software System ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Software Structure ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Software Development Practices

Measuring the complexity of a large-scale software system has been a urgent demand in software development practices. The traditional software metrics can hardly describe the structural complexity in modern software. As the complex networks theory has been used to study the software structure, we analyzed a great many software systems. The analyzing results reveal the parameters in complex networks can be used to represent property of software structure. And this paper introduces some efficient metrics and measuring methods based on basic parameters in complex networks. A practice example was described to demonstrate the effectiveness of the metrics.

Green synthesis, characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles and antibacterial activity evaluation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Silver Sulfide ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Green Route ◽  
Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles

This research work presents a facile and green route for synthesis silver sulfide (Ag2SNPs) nanoparticles from silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S.9H2O) in the presence of rosemary leaves aqueous extract at ambient temperature (27 oC). Structural and morphological properties of Ag2SNPs nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface Plasmon resonance for Ag2SNPs was obtained around 355 nm. Ag2SNPs was spherical in shape with an effective diameter size of 14 nm. Our novel approach represents a promising and effective method to large scale synthesis of eco-friendly antibacterial activity silver sulfide nanoparticles.

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